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SEA > SEA Final > Flashcards

SEA Final Flashcards

1
Q

How did Nation-states in Europe develop?

A

strong states made war -> funding needed for war -> collected revenue -> built bureaucracy

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2
Q

When and how do elites respond to contentious politics?

A

when they are unmanageable and perpetual, elites fear for their property and priveleges -> they form protection pact, ordering power to increase state capacity, party cohesion, and military unity (support taxes and follow its command) -> create strong, durable state

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3
Q

when contentious politics occures before v after rise of the leviathen

A

before: dictator can argue that authoritarianism will gurantee stabiltiy
after: masses will question whether authoritarian methods are useful

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4
Q

what led to the May 13 incident in Malaysia?

A

segregated ethnic communities, significant economic disparities between chinese and malays, ethnic-based political parties emerged and used race-based rhetoric

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5
Q

What was the May 13th incident?

A

election resulting in gains for the Chinese-dominant SAP -> victory parades -> vioence broke out -> state of emergency, suspending parliament and establishing NOC to restore order

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6
Q

How did Malaysia respond to the May 13 incident?

A

BN formed to consoloidate power and maintain political stability
New Economic Policy (NEP) implemented to eradicate poverty and restructure societal imbalance by providing priveleges and quotas for native Malays.
Malaysia experienced substantial economic growth and development

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7
Q

What lead to contentious politics in the Philippines?

A

Marcos was reelcted after allegations of election fraud and excessive campaign spending, communist party insurgency -> Plaza Miranda bombing that Marcos blamed communists for -> convention to draft a new constitution allowing for extension of Marcos, authoritarian regime rule

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8
Q

How did the philippines respond to contentious politics?

A

Marcos declared martial law due to threat of communist insurgency and to supress civil disobedience, government arrested opposition figures and activists, censored press, suspended civil liberties. Philippines economy initially experienced growht but decline soon followed

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9
Q

What happened post martial law in the philippines?

A

Marcos retained power
assassination of Aquino -> mass political mobilization -> People Power Revolution mass peaceful protest against regime -> military allegiances reduced and withdrew support for Marcos -> Marcos fled

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10
Q

what are the two key features of a liberal democracy?

A

democratic institutions like elections, party systems, and electoral rules
constitutional liberalism like rule of law, sep of powers, free speech, religion, etc.

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11
Q

Why hold elections of not liberal democracy?

A

appear legitimate, gain information of opposition and county’s priorities, coopt opposition memebrs to neutralize and stifle, monitor (root out corruption) to force lower-level leaders to be disciplined by election

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12
Q

How did UMNO (part of BN) in Malaysia ensure victory in elections?

A

maintained a supermajority to alter institutions in their favor, censor media, propaganda, intimidatation and repression (state of emergency), manipulate elections

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13
Q

how did UMNO manipulate elections?

A

Westminister system was a two-party coalition
Electoral formula to misrepesent voters/seats
Short campaign periods
granting citizenship to immigrants favorable to BN
more recent: gerrymandering and malapportionmento

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14
Q

How did UMNO get away with malaportionment?

A

justified in constitution: assured representation of rural areas where voters are spread apart and can be turned into many smaller districts

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15
Q

How was UMNO defeated?

A

weakening economic fundamentals, policies that disproprtionately burden the electorate, and final straw was former PM Razak involved in massive corruption and money laundering scandal

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16
Q

How do SEA states best respond to ethnic diversity?

A

national integration
creating institutional structures that foster inclusion works better than aggressive assimilation or forced exclusion

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17
Q

Why is ethnic fractionalization bad?

A

diverse preferences, technology, strategy (attitude towards out-group & more veto players), worse socioeconomic outcomes

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18
Q

what are public policy responses to ethnic diversity?

A

residential segregation, income inequalities, national unity and segregation

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19
Q

How did Indonesia address their chinese population?

A

policy of full exclusion in civil services, military, and public office
constitution only granted chinese citizenship woth court approval
forced assimilation by banning chinese culture and language outside of home
-> led to anti-chinese violence

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20
Q

How did Malaysia address the chinese population?

A

policy of limited exclusion
constitutin gave full citizenship
had chinese schools, holidays recognized, and allowed chinese media
-> no anti-chinese violence

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21
Q

What is the Spatial Interdependence Theory?

A

the more segregated villages are and less fractionalized (bc easier to advocate for more funds if not fractionalized), , the more public goods the villages will get, breeding a sibling rivalry among villages, creating a cycle of advocating for public goods

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22
Q

In what ways were china and vietnam similar, leading to divergent income inequalities even though they both have high growth rates?

A

-single party regimes
-entered late 90s with similar institutional arrangements
-ruling communist party with similar internal hierarchies

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23
Q

How was Vietnam able to have high growth rates without huge inequalities?

A

key players could not agree on country’s future resulting in mutually serving compromises
-party expanded the base of the central committee
-central committee members pushed for inclusion and mass organizations
- secretary, PM, and president all different party leaders
->consolidated power broadly shared/inclusinve institutions

24
Q

How did the inclusive institutions in Vietnam lead to lower inequalities?

A

160 members in deliberating body, diverse leadership , and competitive internal elections incentivized central committee to represent constituent demands
-> promotes inter-agency coordination , broadens public service expenditure resulting in higher growth of GINI index

25
Q

How come China has high inequalities?

A

fiscal policies allow provision of public services through private fees -> poor cannot afford, putting them at greater disadvantage -> greater inequality
-one “leadership core” position = concentrated power among few; eliminated checks and balances
-internal elections not competitive
-decision-making body has 25 members
-> powerful party leaders and weaker elections = limited accountability to constituents

26
Q

How do SEA countries claim S China sea?

A

China = 9-dash line
everyone else = UNCLOS

27
Q

Why would china want claims of S China sea?

A

-military/power expansion
-build outposts and artificaial islands in stratehgic spots
-domestic political stability
-narrative of reclaiming stolen territory, unifying nation and diverting attention away from government failures
-bring SEA countries under chinese leadership
-spread non-democratic ideologies

28
Q

Why would US want claims to S China sea?

A

-address transactional threats like trafficking
-responsibility to keep alliances and pertnerships in the region
-promote national interests and values like democracy, freedom, and human rights

29
Q

to compete for power, the US should modify their SEA country relationships?

A

-strengthen alliances w Thailand & Philippines
-new partnerships w Vietnam & Indonesia
-Leverage QUAD (Japan, Australia, and India) however QUAD is exclusionary, leaving opening for China to increase bilateral ties
-> may make countries feel they need to choose a side

30
Q

What approach should US take to increase influence in Indo-Pacific competition?

A
  1. Make tradeoffs across economic, diplomatic, and security policy wins
  2. lean more on bilateral relationships
  3. send high level state officials to SE asian countries; take them seriously
  4. include SEA coutrneis in QUAD and use it as complement to bilaterial relationships
  5. focus on shared interests/values
31
Q

How did british empire affect modern day Myanmar

A

-used low skill laborers from India to build up colony
-Rohingya flocked into Myanmar when laborers from Bangladesh and India moved in

32
Q

what triggered ethnic cleansing of Rohingya?

A

extreme rohingya terrorist group attacked and killed Myanmar police, prompting military response

33
Q

Who are the Rohingya?

A

-most persecuted minority
-majority muslim from india
-radical buddhist nationalists want them removed from Myanmar

34
Q

What are the theories explaining ethnic cleansing and genocide?

A

-rational choice: benefits (consolidated power, reducing threats) outweight costs (sanctions and resistance) [MYANMAR THEORY]
-security dilemma
-Instrumental approach: divert attention or suppress opposition
-resource competition
-nationalism and state-building [Make Rohingya common enemy]

35
Q

Why did Aung San remain silent in Rohingya crisis?

A

-limited political clout; military has more power
-not a priortiy; other pressing issues in Myanmar
-has to embody party and priorities of NLD
-politically costly going against nationalist movement
-UN security counsil and international humanitarian aid can more better reach the refugees and rohingya community

36
Q

What happened in the 2021 Myanmar military coup?

A

electoral fraud by the military led to overthrow of NLD -> military declared state of emergency -> nationwide protests erupted -> military responded with severe violence -> global condemnation followed -> myanmar plunged into political and economic turmoil

37
Q

What is the status of the Rohingya crisis post military coup?

A

-intensified persecution
-over 1 mill remain in refugee camps in Bangladesh, poor living conditions
-attempts to return refugees to Myanmar have stalled
-worsening human rights reported: forced labor, human trafficking
-limited international response
-military government entrenched and little change in conditions expected

38
Q

What policy did Malaysia implement to deal w growing inequality?

A

New Economic Policy

39
Q

what is NOT a central characteristic of the ASEAN way

A

code of conduct w mechanisms for punishment

40
Q

What is not a basis for the chinese claim on the S China sea?

A

EEZ/UNCLOS

41
Q

what is the strategy used by China when dealing w SEA countries and S China sea dispute?

A

-charm offensive
-divide and conquer (when it comes to trade agreements
-ignoring Hague ruling
-expanding claimed territories through dredging
(All of the Above)

42
Q

which SEA country does NOT hold elections?

A

Brunei

43
Q

Why might autocratic, communist, or hybrid democratic regimes gold elections?

A

-appear legitimate
-guage citizens support or approval
-coopt political actors who are potential threats
-use elections to discipline corrupt memebrs of regime at low-level
(All of the above)

44
Q

How did singe dominant party in Malaysia ensure victory during elections?

A

-malapportionment
-influencing media and public discourse
-disenfranchising ethnic chinese minority
-guaranteeing seats for incumbent members of the parliament
(All of the above)

45
Q

What are the main ethnic groups in Malaysia?

A

Malays, Chinese, Indians

46
Q

how did governments of Malaysia and Singapore respond to potential adverse effects of thnic diversity?

A

-structural measures such as implementing a federal and parliamenarty systems of government
-implementing specific policies such as Ethnic integration Policy

47
Q

what would explain why two communist counties (vietname and china) differ in how they addressed problems of inequality?

A

differences in the internal hierarchies within the communist party

48
Q

what is the doc that could work as a binding agreement between ASEANand China for managing S CHina Sea disputes?

A

ASEAN-China Code of Conduct

49
Q

what would NOT expain why rohingya crisis remains unresolved?

A

buddhist nationalists continue to strongly suppirt the Rohingya salvation army

50
Q

which reasons would NOT explain the staying power of Singapores PAP?

A

malapportionment similar in magnitude to Malaysia’s

51
Q

who is the first state councellor of Myanmar?

A

Aung San Suu Kyi

52
Q

What factors condition the emergence and rise to power of populists?

A

-coalition of discontented views distribution of wealth as highly skewed
-longstanding institutions that have failed people for so long that they are willing to tolerate deinstitutionalization
-electing a populist leader seems feasible even if it is at the expense of marginalizing an enemy group
(All of the Above)

53
Q

Which country is NOT a littoral state stakeholder in the S China sea dispute?

A

Myanmar

54
Q

what explains why rohingya are an easy target of persecution in Myanmar?

A

-they are of south asian descent and bitish colonizatin history of placing indians in positions of authority in Burma, Burmese resent them
-rohingya are small and not considered one of myanmars official ethnic groups

55
Q

How did BN wildly dominate in smaller districts of Malaysia?

A

-malapportionment
-electoral system disproportionately benefits BN who can obtain more seats with less votes
-data from Ostwald shows BN districts tend to be smaller even at equal levels of population density

56
Q

ASEAN characteristics

A

-consensus-building decion making
-non interference
-diverse interests of member states
-lack of enforcement mechanism
-economic dependence on CHina
-legal limitations

57
Q

Why is ASEAN code of conduct still being negotiatied?

A

-ASEAN states want to incorporate Hague ruling and hope US can be involved to counterbalance china
-characteristics of ASEAN: non interference -> china able to divide and conquer startegy and using cersive tactics in bilateral talks
-china pursues strategy that allows china to “charm” various littoral states into delaying action on the COC, while these states see it as utilizing their claims to win some perks from the superpowers

SEA (1 decks)

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