Sea Change Flashcards
What happened in Aaron Manby in 1821
Hull changed from wood to composite to iron to steel
Where were Steel dominates introduced in 1881?
Aberdeen (1880s onwards)
When was triple explanation introduces?
1880s
Name five profound impacts in the shipping industry in the 1800s
- Facilitated & stimulated growth of global economy
- Reduced cost of food & raw materials
- Facilitated & stimulated migration
- Intensified imperialism-scramble for markets, naval arms race
- Impacted marine environment through depletion of fish stocks
How did Coal whippers work?
The whippers brought the coal up from below deck using a pulley system. The Coal was then swung onto the quay or into a lighter.
In 1913, British shipping carried…
90% trade between the Uk and Empire
53% trade between UK and foreign countries
80% trade between Empire countries
25% trade between foreign countries
What were the two main fish being caught?
Cod- Gadus Morhua
Haddock- Melanogrammus Aeglefinus
Name the six main mineral resources used in the UK.
1 Sea Water (magnesium extraction) 2 superficial deposits (marine aggregates) 3 Evaporites: salt, anhydride, potash 4 Coal 5 Petroleum 6 Natural Gas
What happened in Margate in 1964?
Mobs and Rockers clashed
Give examples of maritime interests in a diversified economy
Bristol and London
Give examples of multifaceted maritime districts
Hull, Grimsby, Goole
Give examples of single industry towns
Devonport, Jarrow, St Ives
Give an example an attitude/ perception of entrepreneurial strategy in Britain
‘bounded by rationality’
What was an attitude of State policy?
‘the good old days will return’
What was a popular perception of Britain?
Britannia rules the waves
In what ways did Britons interact with the sea?
Trade
Power projection
Resource Extraction
Recreation
What is a shipyard?
Where ships are built
What is a dockyard?
A Naval Bas
What is a port?
An administrative unit; a business unit; an urban settlement
What is a dock?
A man-made facility for loading and unloading ships.
What are maritime workers called?
Seafarers (not Seamen)
Name four types of shipbuilding workers
- Riveters
- Platers
- boiler makers
- Marine engineers
What is another name for Royal dockyard Workers?
Yardies
Seabourne Trade: fluctuations and trends
1914-18: loss of vessels, markets: volume down 60%
1918-39: stagnant; depression 1939; coal decline
1939-45: losses to the enemy; the “fourth service”
1945-73: the “Long Boom”
1973: the oil crisis and recession
How baby was British tonnage effected in WW1?
Tonnage was down by 2.6 million tons from 18.9 m gross registered tonnage in 1914 to 16.3 m in 1919
Shipbuilding problems in 1914-18
Merchant shipbuilding suspended to 1917 (strategic error)
Shipbuilding problems 1917-19
pent-up demand; rapid growth in production
What was the state of shipbuilding in 1939-70?
Relative contraction
Outside of London Which city was the most severely damaged during WW2?
Hull
In which year was the a hull Salt End Jetties constructed- who built it?
1914- by the North Eastern and Hull and Barnsley railway companies
What was a problem with Trawling regarding boarders? Give an example
Trawling boats did not always stay within their boarders. Example Grimsby Trawler fishing off Iceland in 1963
What hazards are cause by oil rigs? Give 4 examples.
- Wast
- Sewage water
- Oil Spills
- Fuel exhaust
In the 1960s what were the key differences between sea side holidays and Seaside Resort holidays?
Sea Side: Tended to be middle class. Families, relatively quiet, you make your own fun.
Seaside resort: Blackpool, noisy, theme parks, everything is laid on
In what ways did Britons interact with the sea from 1955 onwards?
4
Sea born trade Navy ships and docks Fisheries Off sea oil and gas Recreation Ship broking
What were the main problems of Sea Born trade in 1955 and onwards?
There were alternative modes of transport- air and road
‘disarticulation’ of Uk trade and the UK’s sea transport industries
Give two examples of Port closures in the 1960s- 80s
- The East India, London, Surrey and St Ives Dock closed in late 1960s- early 70s
- West India, Millwall and the Royal Docks closed 1980-1983
The British frigate bombed by Argentine Skyhawk in 1982, and the ship the crew were evacuated to
HMS Advent (bombed)
HMS Yarmouth
What did PM James Callaghan say about British Oil and Gas in 1977?
“God has given Britain her best opportunity for one hundred years in the shape of North Sea oil”
Example of regeneration of London Dockyards
Canary Wharf
Human interactions with the Marine Enviroments
The surface of the Sea - shipping
The Coastal Zone - 66% of the human population lives within 30km of Coast
The Undersea Domain- Fisheries
What are the main direct and indirect effects on marine ecosystems by the Fisheries?
Overexploitation or depletion of fish stocks in the OSPAR area
Trawl fishing damaging the sea bed
This island is almost made of coal and surrounded by fish. Only an organising genius could produce a shortage of coal and fish in Great Britain at the same time.
Who said this and in which year?
Bevan, 24 May 1945
Why is it hard to clarify over fishing?
5 reasons
- It is a food industry
- It is an extraction industry
- It is a form of hunting
- It involves transport
- It is a trading activity
What are two ways Ocean Space is controlled?
- Territorial Limits
2. Common Fisheries Policy
Name three demand factors on fishing
Population growth
Urban Growth
Urbanisation
What was the Standard Mortality Rate of Trawl-men in the 1950s-60s?
2 x equivalent rate for coal miners trawler men were 20x more likely to die of an accident at work than all other workers.
Name the main countries in The British Empire 1918-1939.
Britain Australia , New Zealand Canada India, Afghanistan, Pakistan South Africa, Botswana, Namibia,Tanzania, Kenya,Sudan, Egypt,Iraq
What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1913?
13.8
What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1938?
23.2
what was the UK percentage of trade with White dominions in 1951?
22.7
What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1983?
5.2
Which six countries made up the European Economic Community(EEC) in 1957?
Belgium Netherlands West Germany Luxembourg Italy France
What was the percentage of UK trade with the EEC in 1913?
29.8
what was the Percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1938?
20.7
What was the percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1951?
17.7
What was the percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1983?
44.6
“War caused loss; to shipowners, to seamen, to the nation. Loss of ships; loss of life and limb and of seachests with their clothing and valuables; loss of trade owing to the slowing of movement of shipping.”
This is a quote from R. Davis on…
The rise of the English shipping industry in the 17th & 18th centuries.
How many gross tons were lost by Merchant Shipping to the Enemy in the years 1914-18?
7,759,090 gross tons
How many Merchant Shipping men were lost because of the enemy in the years 1914-18?
15,000
How many merchant seamen were killed by the enemy during WW1
15,000
How many gross tons were lost by Merchant Shipping in the years 1939-45?
21,543,026 gross tons
How many men were killed in the Merchant shipping industry in World War 2 because of the enemy?
32,000 men
What were the war bonuses for the Dockyard towns?
employment, income, expenditure
What were the peace Dividends for Dockyard towns?
navalism impairment of private enterprise cushioning effect of state funding Admiralty a non-payer of local rates Dockyards as branch factories
Give a positive for the state policy on Dockyard towns.
1911- Devonport Dockyard employes 9,000 people =
20% of the total male population, and 40% of the total manufacturing workforce.
What was a potential downside to the state policy on Dockyard Towns?
50% of the male workforce of Plymouth and district was dependent on grove net spending defence.
Give examples of State Policy negatives implications for Dockyard towns.
The admiralty has often obstructed private maritime enterprise by blocking port development for strategic reasons in places like Plymouth Sound Portsmouth Harbour
Likewise, state expenditure has often ‘cushioned’ the local economy and therefore inhibited the development of local enterprise
The Admiralty has never contributed to local rates or taxes- never pulled its weight in terms of social welfare provisions in the Dockyard towns
Since 1945, the state has no real commitment to a dockyard towns
Name free Labour economic policies
State intervention
Regulation
Nationalisation
Name three Conservative economic polices
Free Market
De-regulation
Privatisation
In which year did William Grey Company launch their last ship and what was it called?
1961, Blanchland
In which year did the William Grey Company close down its yards?
1963
List the phases of Government intervention
Commissions of enquiry (UK- Geddes; Neths- Keyser)
Mergers & consolidations (UK- UCS; Neths- RSV)
Direct investment (UK, 1971)
Nationalisation (UK, 1977-84)
Privatisation (UK, 1984+)
What was an issue regarding greater consumer consumption of tuna?
Dolphin population was under threat.
how do economic drivers impact upon human interactions with the marine environment?
The Market
The Invisible hand of market forces
The invisible hand of management
Alternatives to the visible hand
What is the market comprised of?
Demand and Supply
Name the different forms of market
Commodity
Stock
Labour
What is meant by Demand?
The quality of goods or services required by buyers
What are the factors affecting Demand?
Price
Consumer income
taste and preference
Number of consumers in the market
What is meant by Supply?
The amount of goods or services made available by suppliers
What factors affect supply?
Price
Price of inputs
What are the main inputs and what do they include?
Land- sites of production/ distribution
Capital- goods used in production/ distribution process
Labour- Physical and intellectual
Give examples of Land inputs.
Coastal locations
Surface of the sea
Below the surface
Give examples of Capital inputs
Vessels
Equipment
What is meant by the Invisible hand of Market forces?
Price is guided into equilibrium by the invisible hand of market forces
What is the Law of Supply?
When the price rises, the quantity supplied will rise.
What is the Law of Demand?
When the price rises, the quantity of a good demanded falls
What is the equilibrium of supply and demand?
The point at which both buyers and sellers are happy with price
Supply and Demand
How did the shipping services cut costs in the increasing global market?
- Flagging out
2. reducing the cost of labour
What is flagging-out in regards to shipping?
Those who own and operate ships can register them in countries other than the one in which they live, work and pay taxes. Driven by tax-avoidance & lower running costs.
What is meant by reducing the cost of labour in regards to shipping?
reduction in the British seafaring workforce. increase reliance on foreign workers.
What is meant by the Visible Hand of Management?
Optimum performance in modern economy = large-scale business organisation
What are Chandler’s Three Stages of Organisational Evolution:
- Personal: owner- management
- Entrepreneurial: a degree of separation between ownership and control
- Managerial: complete separation of ownership and control
What was British Shipping- Concentration Ratio (CR) in 1910, 1914, 1918/19?
- 5 %
- 9%
- 5%
Where were the Big-5 of shipping in 1919?
RMS/P P&O Ellerman Furness Withy Cunard
Who was the largest privately owned shipping company in the world?
The Wilsons
What was a key difference in approach between American business owners and British business owners?
American- internalising operations
British- inter- firm communication.
Give an example of a symbol for Australia’s national identity in the 1930s.
The Bronzed lifesaver
“Passive relationship,with the sea”
What is this statement referring to?
The Channel Islanders
Where does 55% of Jersey’s income come from?
Financial Services
Which group of British Islands have had an active relationship with the sea since 1945? What form does is this relationship?
The Shetland Islands
Fisheries
What were the Central Contentions of the Cultural Critique?
Britain was the earliest country to industrialise
Britain was primarily an industrial & manufacturing economy
Industrial decline has dominated Britain’s economic evolution since 1870, it’s industrial hegemony passing successively to,Germany, US and Japan
Main cause: Britain’s perversely anti-industrial & anti-business culture
What is meant by bounded Rationality?
Limitations in the ability of humans to process the mass of information required for making optimal decisions
What is meant by uncertainty in regard to evolving shipyards?
Management’s uncertainty over the need for organisational change, 1945-1955
What is meant by “Lack off Trust” in regard to Evolving Shipyards?
Between management and labour led to failure to co-operate, 1958-1965. Neither side trusted the motives of the other, leading to a failure to reform organisational methods at a critical time.
What is meant by “Bounded Rationality” in regard to the port industry?
Limitations in the ability of humans to process the mass of information required for making optimal decisions
What is meant by uncertainty in regard to the port industry?
Management & government fear of competition from European ports; labour fear of changing working conditions & loss of jobs.
What is meant by “Lack of Trust” in regard to the port industry?
Between management and labour led to failure to co-operate. Neither side trusted the motives of the other, leading to difficulties reforming organisational,methods, 1911-1989
Innovation and economics- What was innovation a response to?,
Innovation was a response to need if there was enough need, the price would rise and innovators would appear from nowhere to deliver the appropriate machine at the right time.
Give example of General developments in the last 100 years.
Electronics, computing, radar, jet engines, welding
Give examples of shipping innovations in the last 100 years.
Artificial Harbours, with support legs Mobile pipelines Sophisticated roll-on/roll-off equipment Lighters carried aboard ship Forms of containerisation Bow and stern doors and ramps Floating dock ships
What are the advantages of using Oil as fuel?,
Diesel engines consume less fuel
Diesel engine lighter, therefore more space for cargo
smaller crews required
cleaner, easier to use
What was the significance of the transition from coal to oil?
Strategic implications
cost advantages
changing patterns of global trade (oil as a cargo)
new vessel types required (tankers)
What are the ramifications of Unionisation in the Uk
Larger, fewer vessels More efficient transport Vessels spend less time in port Ports require more space & deeper water Reduction in dock labour Relocation of port populations
What is the problem with having larger, fewer vessels?
Less demand for shipbuilding & seafarers
What does a more efficient transport system mean for untitisation?
land/sea integration (inter-modalism)
What is the problem with vessels spending less time in ports?
Less demand for port services (people lose jobs)
What is a problem with ports requiring more space and deeper water?
Shift to estuarial sites
What is the problem with a reduction in dock labour?
Port now capital-intensive
What is the problem with Relocation of port populations
regeneration of docklands
What had been the effect of untitisation outside of the shipping industry?
Major social, cultural and economic change in Britain’s city-ports as former dockland areas have been closed, run down and in some cases regenerated.
When did experiments with Iron hulls begin?
Late 18th Century
