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Sea Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened in Aaron Manby in 1821

A

Hull changed from wood to composite to iron to steel

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2
Q

Where were Steel dominates introduced in 1881?

A

Aberdeen (1880s onwards)

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3
Q

When was triple explanation introduces?

A

1880s

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4
Q

Name five profound impacts in the shipping industry in the 1800s

A
  1. Facilitated & stimulated growth of global economy
  2. Reduced cost of food & raw materials
  3. Facilitated & stimulated migration
  4. Intensified imperialism-scramble for markets, naval arms race
  5. Impacted marine environment through depletion of fish stocks
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5
Q

How did Coal whippers work?

A

The whippers brought the coal up from below deck using a pulley system. The Coal was then swung onto the quay or into a lighter.

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6
Q

In 1913, British shipping carried…

A

90% trade between the Uk and Empire
53% trade between UK and foreign countries
80% trade between Empire countries
25% trade between foreign countries

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7
Q

What were the two main fish being caught?

A

Cod- Gadus Morhua

Haddock- Melanogrammus Aeglefinus

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8
Q

Name the six main mineral resources used in the UK.

A 
1 Sea Water (magnesium extraction)
2 superficial deposits (marine aggregates) 
3 Evaporites: salt, anhydride, potash 
4 Coal 
5 Petroleum
6 Natural Gas
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9
Q

What happened in Margate in 1964?

A

Mobs and Rockers clashed

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10
Q

Give examples of maritime interests in a diversified economy

A

Bristol and London

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11
Q

Give examples of multifaceted maritime districts

A

Hull, Grimsby, Goole

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12
Q

Give examples of single industry towns

A

Devonport, Jarrow, St Ives

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13
Q

Give an example an attitude/ perception of entrepreneurial strategy in Britain

A

‘bounded by rationality’

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14
Q

What was an attitude of State policy?

A

‘the good old days will return’

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15
Q

What was a popular perception of Britain?

A

Britannia rules the waves

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16
Q

In what ways did Britons interact with the sea?

A

Trade
Power projection
Resource Extraction
Recreation

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17
Q

What is a shipyard?

A

Where ships are built

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18
Q

What is a dockyard?

A

A Naval Bas

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19
Q

What is a port?

A

An administrative unit; a business unit; an urban settlement

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20
Q

What is a dock?

A

A man-made facility for loading and unloading ships.

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21
Q

What are maritime workers called?

A

Seafarers (not Seamen)

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22
Q

Name four types of shipbuilding workers

A
  1. Riveters
  2. Platers
  3. boiler makers
  4. Marine engineers
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23
Q

What is another name for Royal dockyard Workers?

A

Yardies

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24
Q

Seabourne Trade: fluctuations and trends

A

1914-18: loss of vessels, markets: volume down 60%
1918-39: stagnant; depression 1939; coal decline
1939-45: losses to the enemy; the “fourth service”
1945-73: the “Long Boom”
1973: the oil crisis and recession

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25
Q

How baby was British tonnage effected in WW1?

A

Tonnage was down by 2.6 million tons from 18.9 m gross registered tonnage in 1914 to 16.3 m in 1919

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26
Q

Shipbuilding problems in 1914-18

A

Merchant shipbuilding suspended to 1917 (strategic error)

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27
Q

Shipbuilding problems 1917-19

A

pent-up demand; rapid growth in production

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28
Q

What was the state of shipbuilding in 1939-70?

A

Relative contraction

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29
Q

Outside of London Which city was the most severely damaged during WW2?

A

Hull

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30
Q

In which year was the a hull Salt End Jetties constructed- who built it?

A

1914- by the North Eastern and Hull and Barnsley railway companies

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31
Q

What was a problem with Trawling regarding boarders? Give an example

A

Trawling boats did not always stay within their boarders. Example Grimsby Trawler fishing off Iceland in 1963

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32
Q

What hazards are cause by oil rigs? Give 4 examples.

A
  1. Wast
  2. Sewage water
  3. Oil Spills
  4. Fuel exhaust
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33
Q

In the 1960s what were the key differences between sea side holidays and Seaside Resort holidays?

A

Sea Side: Tended to be middle class. Families, relatively quiet, you make your own fun.

Seaside resort: Blackpool, noisy, theme parks, everything is laid on

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34
Q

In what ways did Britons interact with the sea from 1955 onwards?

4

A 
Sea born trade 
Navy ships and docks
Fisheries
Off sea oil and gas
Recreation 
Ship broking
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35
Q

What were the main problems of Sea Born trade in 1955 and onwards?

A

There were alternative modes of transport- air and road

‘disarticulation’ of Uk trade and the UK’s sea transport industries

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36
Q

Give two examples of Port closures in the 1960s- 80s

A
  1. The East India, London, Surrey and St Ives Dock closed in late 1960s- early 70s
  2. West India, Millwall and the Royal Docks closed 1980-1983
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37
Q

The British frigate bombed by Argentine Skyhawk in 1982, and the ship the crew were evacuated to

A

HMS Advent (bombed)

HMS Yarmouth

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38
Q

What did PM James Callaghan say about British Oil and Gas in 1977?

A

“God has given Britain her best opportunity for one hundred years in the shape of North Sea oil”

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39
Q

Example of regeneration of London Dockyards

A

Canary Wharf

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40
Q

Human interactions with the Marine Enviroments

A

The surface of the Sea - shipping

The Coastal Zone - 66% of the human population lives within 30km of Coast

The Undersea Domain- Fisheries

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41
Q

What are the main direct and indirect effects on marine ecosystems by the Fisheries?

A

Overexploitation or depletion of fish stocks in the OSPAR area

Trawl fishing damaging the sea bed

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42
Q

This island is almost made of coal and surrounded by fish. Only an organising genius could produce a shortage of coal and fish in Great Britain at the same time.

Who said this and in which year?

A

Bevan, 24 May 1945

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43
Q

Why is it hard to clarify over fishing?

5 reasons

A
  1. It is a food industry
  2. It is an extraction industry
  3. It is a form of hunting
  4. It involves transport
  5. It is a trading activity
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44
Q

What are two ways Ocean Space is controlled?

A
  1. Territorial Limits

2. Common Fisheries Policy

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45
Q

Name three demand factors on fishing

A

Population growth

Urban Growth

Urbanisation

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46
Q

What was the Standard Mortality Rate of Trawl-men in the 1950s-60s?

A

2 x equivalent rate for coal miners trawler men were 20x more likely to die of an accident at work than all other workers.

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47
Q

Name the main countries in The British Empire 1918-1939.

A 
Britain
Australia , New Zealand 
Canada
India, Afghanistan, Pakistan 
South Africa,  Botswana, Namibia,Tanzania, Kenya,Sudan, Egypt,Iraq
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48
Q

What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1913?

A

13.8

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49
Q

What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1938?

A

23.2

50
Q

what was the UK percentage of trade with White dominions in 1951?

A

22.7

51
Q

What was the UK percentage of trade with White Dominions in 1983?

A

5.2

52
Q

Which six countries made up the European Economic Community(EEC) in 1957?

A 
Belgium
Netherlands 
West Germany
Luxembourg 
Italy
France
53
Q

What was the percentage of UK trade with the EEC in 1913?

A

29.8

54
Q

what was the Percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1938?

A

20.7

55
Q

What was the percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1951?

A

17.7

56
Q

What was the percentage of UK trade with EEC in 1983?

A

44.6

57
Q

“War caused loss; to shipowners, to seamen, to the nation. Loss of ships; loss of life and limb and of seachests with their clothing and valuables; loss of trade owing to the slowing of movement of shipping.”

This is a quote from R. Davis on…

A

The rise of the English shipping industry in the 17th & 18th centuries.

58
Q

How many gross tons were lost by Merchant Shipping to the Enemy in the years 1914-18?

A

7,759,090 gross tons

59
Q

How many Merchant Shipping men were lost because of the enemy in the years 1914-18?

A

15,000

60
Q

How many merchant seamen were killed by the enemy during WW1

A

15,000

61
Q

How many gross tons were lost by Merchant Shipping in the years 1939-45?

A

21,543,026 gross tons

62
Q

How many men were killed in the Merchant shipping industry in World War 2 because of the enemy?

A

32,000 men

63
Q

What were the war bonuses for the Dockyard towns?

A

employment, income, expenditure

64
Q

What were the peace Dividends for Dockyard towns?

A 
navalism
impairment of private enterprise 
cushioning effect of state funding
Admiralty a non-payer of local rates 
Dockyards as branch factories
65
Q

Give a positive for the state policy on Dockyard towns.

A

1911- Devonport Dockyard employes 9,000 people =

20% of the total male population, and 40% of the total manufacturing workforce.

66
Q

What was a potential downside to the state policy on Dockyard Towns?

A

50% of the male workforce of Plymouth and district was dependent on grove net spending defence.

67
Q

Give examples of State Policy negatives implications for Dockyard towns.

A

The admiralty has often obstructed private maritime enterprise by blocking port development for strategic reasons in places like Plymouth Sound Portsmouth Harbour

Likewise, state expenditure has often ‘cushioned’ the local economy and therefore inhibited the development of local enterprise

The Admiralty has never contributed to local rates or taxes- never pulled its weight in terms of social welfare provisions in the Dockyard towns

Since 1945, the state has no real commitment to a dockyard towns

68
Q

Name free Labour economic policies

A

State intervention
Regulation
Nationalisation

69
Q

Name three Conservative economic polices

A

Free Market
De-regulation
Privatisation

70
Q

In which year did William Grey Company launch their last ship and what was it called?

A

1961, Blanchland

71
Q

In which year did the William Grey Company close down its yards?

A

1963

72
Q

List the phases of Government intervention

A

Commissions of enquiry (UK- Geddes; Neths- Keyser)
Mergers & consolidations (UK- UCS; Neths- RSV)
Direct investment (UK, 1971)
Nationalisation (UK, 1977-84)
Privatisation (UK, 1984+)

73
Q

What was an issue regarding greater consumer consumption of tuna?

A

Dolphin population was under threat.

74
Q

how do economic drivers impact upon human interactions with the marine environment?

A

The Market
The Invisible hand of market forces
The invisible hand of management
Alternatives to the visible hand

75
Q

What is the market comprised of?

A

Demand and Supply

76
Q

Name the different forms of market

A

Commodity
Stock
Labour

77
Q

What is meant by Demand?

A

The quality of goods or services required by buyers

78
Q

What are the factors affecting Demand?

A

Price
Consumer income
taste and preference
Number of consumers in the market

79
Q

What is meant by Supply?

A

The amount of goods or services made available by suppliers

80
Q

What factors affect supply?

A

Price

Price of inputs

81
Q

What are the main inputs and what do they include?

A

Land- sites of production/ distribution

Capital- goods used in production/ distribution process

Labour- Physical and intellectual

82
Q

Give examples of Land inputs.

A

Coastal locations
Surface of the sea
Below the surface

83
Q

Give examples of Capital inputs

A

Vessels

Equipment

84
Q

What is meant by the Invisible hand of Market forces?

A

Price is guided into equilibrium by the invisible hand of market forces

85
Q

What is the Law of Supply?

A

When the price rises, the quantity supplied will rise.

86
Q

What is the Law of Demand?

A

When the price rises, the quantity of a good demanded falls

87
Q

What is the equilibrium of supply and demand?

A

The point at which both buyers and sellers are happy with price

88
Q

Supply and Demand

How did the shipping services cut costs in the increasing global market?

A
  1. Flagging out

2. reducing the cost of labour

89
Q

What is flagging-out in regards to shipping?

A

Those who own and operate ships can register them in countries other than the one in which they live, work and pay taxes. Driven by tax-avoidance & lower running costs.

90
Q

What is meant by reducing the cost of labour in regards to shipping?

A

reduction in the British seafaring workforce. increase reliance on foreign workers.

91
Q

What is meant by the Visible Hand of Management?

A

Optimum performance in modern economy = large-scale business organisation

92
Q

What are Chandler’s Three Stages of Organisational Evolution:

A
  1. Personal: owner- management
  2. Entrepreneurial: a degree of separation between ownership and control
  3. Managerial: complete separation of ownership and control
93
Q

What was British Shipping- Concentration Ratio (CR) in 1910, 1914, 1918/19?

A
  1. 5 %
  2. 9%
  3. 5%
94
Q

Where were the Big-5 of shipping in 1919?

A 
RMS/P
P&O
Ellerman 
Furness Withy 
Cunard
95
Q

Who was the largest privately owned shipping company in the world?

A

The Wilsons

96
Q

What was a key difference in approach between American business owners and British business owners?

A

American- internalising operations

British- inter- firm communication.

97
Q

Give an example of a symbol for Australia’s national identity in the 1930s.

A

The Bronzed lifesaver

98
Q

“Passive relationship,with the sea”

What is this statement referring to?

A

The Channel Islanders

99
Q

Where does 55% of Jersey’s income come from?

A

Financial Services

100
Q

Which group of British Islands have had an active relationship with the sea since 1945? What form does is this relationship?

A

The Shetland Islands

Fisheries

101
Q

What were the Central Contentions of the Cultural Critique?

A

Britain was the earliest country to industrialise
Britain was primarily an industrial & manufacturing economy
Industrial decline has dominated Britain’s economic evolution since 1870, it’s industrial hegemony passing successively to,Germany, US and Japan
Main cause: Britain’s perversely anti-industrial & anti-business culture

102
Q

What is meant by bounded Rationality?

A

Limitations in the ability of humans to process the mass of information required for making optimal decisions

103
Q

What is meant by uncertainty in regard to evolving shipyards?

A

Management’s uncertainty over the need for organisational change, 1945-1955

104
Q

What is meant by “Lack off Trust” in regard to Evolving Shipyards?

A

Between management and labour led to failure to co-operate, 1958-1965. Neither side trusted the motives of the other, leading to a failure to reform organisational methods at a critical time.

105
Q

What is meant by “Bounded Rationality” in regard to the port industry?

A

Limitations in the ability of humans to process the mass of information required for making optimal decisions

106
Q

What is meant by uncertainty in regard to the port industry?

A

Management & government fear of competition from European ports; labour fear of changing working conditions & loss of jobs.

107
Q

What is meant by “Lack of Trust” in regard to the port industry?

A

Between management and labour led to failure to co-operate. Neither side trusted the motives of the other, leading to difficulties reforming organisational,methods, 1911-1989

108
Q

Innovation and economics- What was innovation a response to?,

A

Innovation was a response to need if there was enough need, the price would rise and innovators would appear from nowhere to deliver the appropriate machine at the right time.

109
Q

Give example of General developments in the last 100 years.

A

Electronics, computing, radar, jet engines, welding

110
Q

Give examples of shipping innovations in the last 100 years.

A 
Artificial Harbours, with support legs
Mobile pipelines 
Sophisticated roll-on/roll-off equipment
Lighters carried aboard ship 
Forms of containerisation 
Bow and stern doors and ramps
Floating dock ships
111
Q

What are the advantages of using Oil as fuel?,

A

Diesel engines consume less fuel
Diesel engine lighter, therefore more space for cargo
smaller crews required
cleaner, easier to use

112
Q

What was the significance of the transition from coal to oil?

A

Strategic implications
cost advantages
changing patterns of global trade (oil as a cargo)
new vessel types required (tankers)

113
Q

What are the ramifications of Unionisation in the Uk

A 
Larger, fewer vessels 
More efficient transport 
Vessels spend less time in port 
Ports require more space & deeper water
Reduction in dock labour 
Relocation of port populations
114
Q

What is the problem with having larger, fewer vessels?

A

Less demand for shipbuilding & seafarers

115
Q

What does a more efficient transport system mean for untitisation?

A

land/sea integration (inter-modalism)

116
Q

What is the problem with vessels spending less time in ports?

A

Less demand for port services (people lose jobs)

117
Q

What is a problem with ports requiring more space and deeper water?

A

Shift to estuarial sites

118
Q

What is the problem with a reduction in dock labour?

A

Port now capital-intensive

119
Q

What is the problem with Relocation of port populations

A

regeneration of docklands

120
Q

What had been the effect of untitisation outside of the shipping industry?

A

Major social, cultural and economic change in Britain’s city-ports as former dockland areas have been closed, run down and in some cases regenerated.

121
Q

When did experiments with Iron hulls begin?

A

Late 18th Century

History (6 decks)

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