Screwed Like A Pig Flashcards
Animal Science Final
Castrated Boar
Barrow
immature female chicken
pullet
What state has the highest monetary receipts for agricultural products?
California
What state has the highest monetary receipts for livestock products?
Texas
Name one of the top 5 states according to dairy cow numbers
California
Country with highest swine numbers
China
Top swine producing state
Texas
Market classes for cattle are based on..
age & gender
A quality grade that both beef and lamb carcasses could receive is
prime
what method is used to inspect the interior quality of eggs?
candling
A rooster would be in the ‘young’ market class which is based on..
age
what type of joint should a lamb carcass have on its front cannon bones?
break joint
ratio of animal’s carass weight to its live weight is known as
dressing percentage
the per-capita consumption of red meat has _____ over the last 30 years
decreased
the cost per pound of red meat has ___
increased
what two proteins alternate to form myofilaments?
actin & myosin
three main anatomical components of red meat are…
lean, fat, bone
the _______________ is a measurement of food value that compares the amount of nutrient to the number of calories in a portion of food
nutrient density
in _____ processing, animals are not stunned prior to slaughter
Jewish/Kosher
average weight of a broiler when it goes to market is ____pounds and have a dressing % of ____
4-5
78%
What form of chicken is least preferred?
whole
over the past 10 years, consumption of shell eggs has __________
stayed the same
the ____ contains most of the fat and cholesterol in an egg & is suspended by strands called ____
yolk
chalazae
________ is the current preferred meat by most people in the US
broiler
the two main functions of the epididymis are spermatozoa storage and spermatozoa _______
maturation
in roosters, sperm is stored in the ________ rather than the epididymis
vas deferens
a ______ on the ovary produces estrogen, and the corpus luteum produces _____
follicle
progesterone
in a hen, the _____ is where albumin is deposited around the yolk
magnum
during spermatogenesis, _________ must occur for a spermatocyte to become a spermatid
meiosis
mammalian oocytes have a layer surrounding their plasma membrane called the __________
zona pallucida
a ______ is a fertilized oocyte, prior to cell division
zygote
the hormone _____ is produced & released by the hypothalamus which causes the pituitary to release ____ which causes ovulation & corpus luteum formation
GnRH
LH
genetic make up or allele combination of an individual is known as its ____
genotype
the trait an animal has, as a result of its genes, is known as _____
its phenotype
the ____ refers to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome
locus
the biological process of ____ creates RNA from a gene sequence on the chromosome
transcription
RNA is ______ into a protein based on the central dogma theory
translated
chromosomes are paired and carry genes that affect the same traits, these paired chromosomes are said to be ___________
homologous
mating homozygous recessive with homozygous dominant parents can result in offspring that display ______ which means that offspring outperform their parents
heterosis
if you mate 2 homozygous recessive parents, the expected offspring would be ____% heterozygous
0%
______ is a chemical substance, which is secreted by a ductless gland into the circulatory system & affects a distant gland or organ
hormone
_______ tissue covers the body, lines organs & cavities, & functions in the secretion and gas exchange
epithelial
two types of connective tissue include..
cartilage, blood
in birds, the ____ bone is greatly enlarged because the _____ muscle attaches to it to enable flight
sternum
pectoralis
_______ is a hormone that is released by the pituitary that directly regulates cell growth
growth hormone
a common way to measure growth in animals is ____ which is the change in its weight per unit time
average daily gain
the parathyroid gland produces and secretes ______, which regulates calcium & phosphorous metabolism in the body
parathormone
the ____ selection method is a fast method to improve traits but only for 1 or 2
tandem
the total phenotypic variation due to the breeding value is known as the _____ of a trait
heritability
using the ______ selection method is popular because it can consider multiple traits & you can control the culling levels
independent culling level
the average age of the parents are born is known as the _______ for that species
generation interval
the phenotype of a trait is based upon the genotype of the individual and the ________ effects
environmental
a _______ is a powerful method of selection that ranks multiple traits, usually based on economic importance
selection index
the release of _____ by the duodenum causes the release of bile which _____ in the duodenum
CCK
emulsify fats
the majority of _______ is absorbed in the large intestine
water
microbes in the rumen break down carbs into acetic acid, propionic acid, & butyric acid, are collectively known as
volatile fatty acids
proteins are broken down by _____ released in the non-ruminant stomach and by _____ in the duidenum
pepsin
trypsin
microscopic _____ in the small intestine and the ____ of the rumen increase surface area to facilitate function
villi
papillae
the four compartments found in a ruminant stomach are….
rumen, omasum, reticulum, & abomasum
the enzyme secretin, released by the duodenal cells, targets ______ which neutralizes the chime by releasing buffers
pancreas
the non-ruminant stomach is very similar to the _____ compartment of the ruminant stomach and the _______ in chickens
abomasum
proventriculus
the most common building block of carbs is _____ and the building block of proteins is _____
glucose
animo acids
the amount of nutrient found in feedstuff is known as its ____________
digestibility
an example of a macro mineral is _____ and its function is ______
calcium
bone growth
the two essential fatty acids are ____ & ____
linoleic & linolenic
you analyze a sample of corn using the ether extraction technique. the two components you would expect to see are _____ and _____
fat (lipid or oil) & carbohydrate
the ________ is the method in which the nutrient composition of a feed is determined
proximate analysis
methionine is an example of a _____ and riboflavin is an example of a _______
protein(amino acid)
vitamin
a ________ operation adds marbling & fat to cattle immediately prior to harvesting
feedlot/finisher
the loss of up to 4% of a steer’s body weight due to shipping stress is known as ___
shrink
a _______ operation owns a group of cows that they consistently breed in order to obtain calves for sale
cow/calf
______ cattle breed has the second highest numbers in the US and were originally used as range cattle
hereford
a ______ operation purchases calves & raises them up to about a year of age (850 lbs)
stocker/yearling
_____ cattle breed are a continental breed that are most often white, muscular, & hae good growth rate and feed efficiency
charlois
the trait with the highest economic importance, including the calving rate & %calf crop weaned is ______
reproductive performance
the longevity/length of productive life of a cow has is known as its ____
stayability
if selecting cattle based on carcass merit, a producer should aim for a quality grade of ____ and a yield grade of ____
choice
2.0
most calves are placed in ____ after they are born until they can consume solid feed and their immune systems are fully functional
hutches
the only piece of milking machine that touches the cow’s teat is the _____
teat cup
the ____ cow has the highest % of fat in its milk
Jersey
_____ cow produces the most milk
Holstein
______ breed of dairy cow originated from scotland
Ayrshire
feed is typically provided as a ____ to lactating cows to ensure they receive all the required nutrients
total mixed ration (TMR)
dry cows are usually fed ____ for 50-60 days to increase their ___ & regenerate their mammary tissue
roughages
body condition score
current price of class I milk is ____$/cwt.
16.00
What is the form of poultry meat currently most preferred by consumers?
Further Processed Chicken
Which segment of the cattle industry would be most interested in obtaining large numbers of only heifers
Dairy
Whaht is the process used to destroy most of the pathogens in milk during milk processing
Pasteurization
Which of the following is a quality grade of pork?
Acceptable
Fat is an important component of red meat because it
Contains the fat-soluble vitamins
In which livestock species do we use flank streaking to indicate quality
Sheep
What does quality grade measure
Palatability
Cost per pound of poultry meat in the US compared to red meat products is
lower
The addition of bacteria to milk to make fermented dairy products is referred to as
Cultured
The marbling score of a steer would indicate
Quality Grade
Which segmented of the poultry lndustry would be most interested in obtaining large numbers of only pullets
layers
Cost per pound (to the consumer) of all red meat products over the past 30 years has done what
increased
Which of the following is not a food safety process
Homogenization
Per-capita consumption of poultry meat over the past 30 years has done what
increased
Fluid milk is required to be what grade
Grade A
What does yield grade measure
Cutability
Which of the following are egg quality grades
AA, A, B
YOu are processing a sheep carcass and notice that it has 2 spool joints. What market class would you place this animal into
Mutton
Average industry dressing percentage with the correct livestock: Cattle Pigs Sheep Broilers
Cattle-60%
Pigs-72%
Sheep-50%
Broilers-78%
Steps of Processing Red Meat animals 1-9
- Animal is transported to packing plant
- Animal is stunned using captive bolt gun
- blood is removed
- hide is removed
- by-products are removed
- carcass split down the center of the backbone
- washed
- stored 33 F
- Wholesale cuts are shipped
Name one of the top 3 states in numbers of sheep in the US
Texas
Which beef yield grade would yield the highest percentage of BCTRC
Yield Grade 1
Quality grades for cattle carcasses are based on what two characteristics
Maturity & Marbling
Name one of the top 3 states in numbers of layers in the US
Ohio
What is the predominant carbohydrate found in fluid milk
Lactose
What is the market grade of broilers that are free from all deformities
Grade A
Name one of the top 3 states in numbers of pigs in the US
Iowa
What process is used to appraise the interior quality of table eggs from chickens
Candling
What are the names of the two muscle fiber components that make up the protein found in meat
Actin & Myosin
Name one of the top 5 red meat harvesting companies in the US in terms of sales
Tyson
Name on of the Top 3 countries in production of beef
US
Name a major egg harvesting company in the US
Cal-Maine
Where would you find a majority of the protein in a shell egg
Albumin
Name one of the top 3 countries in per-capita supply (consumption) of beef
USA
Name one of the top 5 broiler harvesting companies in the US in terms of meat production
tyson
What is the predominant protein found in eggs
albumin
Name one of the top 3 countries in numbers of dairy cattle
India
Which country has almost half of the worlds hog population
china
name one of the top 3 countries in per-capita supply (consumption) of lamb and mutton
iceland
Where would you find the germinal disc in an egg
in the yolk
Name one of the top 5 dairy producing states other than California
Wisconsin
What does the abbreviation “PSE” stand for
Pale Soft Exudative
What does the abbreviation “BCTRC” stand for
Boneless Closely Trimmed Retail Cuts
Red meat is made up of bone, fat, and what other component
lean
Which chemical has the greatest amount in both egg, white, and dark poultry meat, and all red meats
water
Over 2/3 of the broilers are produced in just 6 states. Collectively what is this group of states often called
Broiler belt
Where would you find the majority of cholesterol in a shell egg
yolk
Name one of the top 3 countries in fluid milk production
India
What are 2 of the 4 promary classifications of cheese (based on moisture content)
Semisoft, Very Hard
Name one of the top 3 countries in egg production
china
How is Kosher meat processing different than the standard red meat processing methods in the US
Split hooves, chew cudd, jugular veins cut with one stroke by a chalef and no mixing of the blood, milk, meat. Animal is not unconscious and dies on its own terms.
Name the top state in number of broilers produced annually
Arkansas
Name a cultured dairy product
yogurt
What has happened to the total number of dairy cattle in the US over the past 30 years
decreased
What is the correct term for making butter from fluid milk
Churning
What is the correct term for meat form a hog carcass
Pork
What is the major protein found in fluid milk
lactose
Name one of the top 3 countries in per-capita supply (consumption) of eggs
Japan
Mature Female Pig
Sow
Uncastrated male pig
Boar
Mature female sheep
ewe
Young female pig
gilt
Uncastrated male sheep
ram
castrated sheep
whether
mature female chicken
hen
young female chicken
pullet
uncastrated male chicken
rooster/cock
uncastrated male cattle
bull
Castrated cattle
steer
young female cattle
heifer
Castrated chicken
capon
castrated pig
barrow
how is cheese made
milk+heat+bacteria+rennet = Curd, and Whey
The ______ selection method is a fast and efficient way to target only 1 trait at a time.
Tandem
A pair of chromosomes that have the same gene, one from the sire and one form the dam are known as:
Homologous chromosomes
The _________ selection method weights traits according to economic importance and ranks them
Selection index
The process of using DNA to synthesize RNA is called
Transcription
What are the projections lining the inside of the small intestines called
villi
Where does absorption predominantly occur
Small intestine
The moisture found in feed is a source of
Water
All domestic livestock species have the same number of chromosomes (True/False)
False
Which mating system would best increase heterosis and breed complementarty
2-breed rotational cross breeding
What does intensive inbreeding not accomplish
Increase reproductive performance
The overall shape and apperance of DNA in a horse is best described as
Double Helix
The most popular form of mating is crossing two unrelated animals within the same breed. This is termed:
Outcrossing
A majority of traits are controlled by a single gene
False
A descriptive Trait that can be subjectively measured is known as a _________ trait
Qualitative
Continuous breeding to a purebred sire to increase the quality of offspring is known as
Grading Up
What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Raise the pH
Based on the pedigree, what would you classify individual “Z” as
intensively inbreed
Crossing a sire with a daughter is an example of
Invreeding
Scrotal Circumferences in cattle is 50% heritable. What would the heritability f this trait be classified as
Highly heritable
The use of a superior sire/stallion in the race horse industry throughout history is an example of
Linebreeding
Mating of animals more closely related to each other than the general population is called
inbreeding
What type of digestion occurs in the mouth
Chemical digestion and Mechanical digestion
The process of using RNA to build proteins is called
Translation
Which type of breeder would be more likely to use crossbred animals
Commercial Producer
Which of the following does CCK not cause the release of
Pepsin
Which of the following animal feeds would NOT be considered a concentrate
Alfalfa Hay
A dairy farmer usually selects replacement heifers based on potential milk production. Milk production is an example of a _______ trait.
Quantitative
Which of the following enzymes converts starch into monosaccharides
Amylase
DNA is located specifically in the ________ of the animal cell
Nucleus
The _______ Selection method is used by the most producers and considers multiple traits at a time
Independent culling level
Selection Differential
Difference between a group of selected animals compared to the population average for a specific trait
Heritability
Amount of phenotypic variation due to the influence of the breeding value of a parent
Breeding Value
Genotype passed down from parent to offspring
Generation Interval
Avg age of the parents when the offspring are born
Metabolizable energy
Energy remaining after fecal, urine, and gas loss
Digestible energy
energy remaining after fecal loss
net energy
energy remaining after fecal, urine, gas, and heat loss
Gross energy
Total energy found in a feed sample
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Functions: A D E K
A-Repairs internal body linings
D-regulates calcium and phosphorous absorption in the gut
E- prevents cell membrane damage
K-involved with the clotting of blood
True Stomach of Chicken
Proventriculus
Organ that grinds feed in the avian digestive system
Gizzard
Non-ruminant
Pig, Goat
Ruminant
Cow, Sheep
Macromineral
Required inlarge amounts in feed
Microminerals/Trace
Required in small amounts
Essential amino acids
Required in diet
Non-essential Amino Acids
Not required to be put in diet because they’re made in the body
Which stage of production requires the most energy and nutrient requirements
Lactation
Feeding very high energy diets to livestock prior to slaughter is a common practice to meet the energy requirements for which stage of production
Fattening
What are the two essential fatty acids
Linoleic
Linolenic
Three Volatile fatty acids
Acetic Acid
Butyric Acid
Propionic Acid
10 Essential Amino Acids
Arganine Histidine Isoluecine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalinine Threocine Trypophan Valine
6 Basic Classes of nutrients
Water Protein Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins Lipids
Four Compartments of the ruminant Stomach
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
