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1
Q

what are the 3 acute radiation syndromes in humans

A
  1. Cerebrovascular/Neurological syndrome (>20 Gy, shock/death, headache, weakness)
  2. Gastrointestinal syndrome (~10 Gy, death in 3-10 days, nausea)
  3. Hematopoietic syndrome (2.5-5 Gy, bleeding, infection, anemia)
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2
Q

what are some examples of functional endpoints

A

-breathing rate
-paralysis
-bladder function
-tear production
-lethality

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3
Q

what are some commonly used SPECT isotopes

A

99mTc
67Ga
201Tl
131I

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4
Q

what is single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

uses gamma cameras to detect photons from injected radiotracers in the body
-provides 2-3D image based on distribution of radiotracers
-low resolution
-information on blood flow and metabolism

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5
Q

what kind of information does computed tomography (CT) give us

A

shows the distribution of attenuation coefficients in the body
-measures projections in different directions

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6
Q

what kind of information does magnetic resonance imaging provide (MRI)

A

shows spacial distribution of proton density in the body

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7
Q

what are the phases of acure radiation syndrome

A
  1. prodromal syndrome (loss of appetite, fatigue)
  2. latent phase (length decreased w increased dose)
  3. illness
  4. recovery or death
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8
Q

define flash RT

A

single ultra high dose rate (>40 Gy/s)
-too short for reoxygenation, repopulation, redistribution
-anti-tumor effects with less protective functions and less toxicity to normal cells

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9
Q

what are some examples of some isotopes used for RIT and what particles do they emit

A

beta: (131I, 90Y, 177Lu)
alpha: (213Bi, 225Ac, 227Th, 223Ra, 211At, 212Pb)

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10
Q

what are some considerations when choosing therapeutic isotopes for radio-immuno therapies

A

-physical half-life
-availability
-emission type
-photon emission (imaging)
-stability with conjugate

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11
Q

define radio-immuno therapy

A

administration of a radionuclide conjugated to an antibody for therapeutic intent
limitations: toxicity, tumor penetration

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12
Q

define brachytherapy

A

implanting radioactive sources in/close to tumor

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13
Q

define neutron capture therapy

A

non-invasive radiation therapy for treating localized and distributed malignant tumors
1. non radioactive isotope with high thermal n capture xs
2. radiate with epithermal n
3. isotope captures and decays next to tumor

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14
Q

what are the different types of x-ray production machines

A
  1. orthovoltage
  2. linacs
  3. co sources
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15
Q

advantages/disadvantages and common uses of CT

A

advantages: fast, detailed, 3D image
disadvantages: requires radiation
uses: detecting solid tumors and other issues in abdomen/chest

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16
Q

advantages/disadvantages and common uses of MRI

A

advantages: detailed, no radiation
disadvantages: expensive, uncomfortable, slow
uses: brain issues and soft tissue injury

17
Q

advantages/disadvantages and common uses of ultrasound

A

advantages: cheap, no radiation
disadvantages: low image quality
uses: fetal and children

18
Q

advantages/disadvantages and common uses of x-ray

A

advantages: fast, cheap, low dose
disadvantages: uses radiation, less detail, 2D
uses: broken bones, intestinal issues

19
Q

what kind of information is provided with an ultrasound

A

intensity of ultrasonic waves and its signal reflected in the body

20
Q

compare CT and SPECT

A

CT: transmission, measures linear attenuation coefficients, body structure information, fast
SPECT: emission, measures radionuclide distribution, biological function/metabolism, long

21
Q

what is a radiograph

A

diagnostic x-rays attenuated in the body

22
Q

describe positron emission tomography (PET)

A

works by the simultaneous detection of annihilation photons that are produced during positron emission
-requires energy discrimination and coincidence timing
-not great resolution

23
Q

what is dual modality imaging

A

structural: CT/MRI
functional: SPECT/PET

24
Q

how is 99mTc produced

A

decay of mo99

25
Q

how is imaging done with nuclear medicine

A

intensity from photons from radionuclide distributed in body

26
Q

compare CT and MRI

A

CT: radiation, used for bones/soft tissue, less expensive, fast
MRI: no radiation, used for soft tissue, expensive, slow

27
Q

what is the most widely used PET tracer

A

FDG with 18F

28
Q

what are commonly used PET isotopes

A

15O, 11C, 13N, 18F, 68Ga, 82Rb

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