SCRAMBLE Flashcards by Amélie Clénet

What is the name of the opening linking the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

Foramen of Monro.

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Why does it make sense that CSF ends up joining the bloodstream in the SSS?

CSF has a composition similar to plasma, so it makes sense that CSF is recycled into the blood.

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Why would somatic markers be important to actions?

For the feeling of authorship.

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In what layers of V1 are the k, p and m pathways from LGN projecting?

k: blob of 2-3
p: 4Cbeta
m: 4Calpha and 4B

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What pathways (k, p, m) are constituting the dorsal pathway? The ventral pathway?

Dorsal: m
Ventral: k, p, m

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What is the difference between an orientation-selective column and a swirl?

A orientation selective column is a vertical arrangement. A swirl is a horizontal arrangement of many orientation selective columns (every column necessary to have orientation sensitivity for 360 degrees).

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The reichardt detector model was famously used to explain what neurophysiological mechanism?

The interaural time delay in the medial superior olivary nucleus.

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True or false: ocular dominance columns are first found in the cortex (V1) along the visual pathway (from retina).

False: also found in LGN.

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What cerebral structure is impaired in patients suffering from blindsight?

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How are patients suffering from blindsight still able to capture motion?

Retinal ganglion cells projecting in subconscious pathways: superior colliculus, LGN-amygdala.

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Name the four prominent areas of the motor cortex.

Primary motor cortex (M1)
Lateral premotor cortex (lPMC)
Supplementary motor area (SMA)
Pre-SMA

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What is corresponding to Brodmann’s area 4? Area 6?

Area 4: primary motor cortex.
Area 6: premotor cortex + supplementary motor area.

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What typically happens from a lesion to M1? Lesion to PMC? Lesion to SMA?

M1: paralysis
PMC: disorganization of movement
SMA: lack of consciousness for self-generated movements

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Sensory-transformations are essential to interact with the environment. What are two structures mediating this process?

Parietal lobe.
Premotor cortex.

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What subregion of the motor cortex is containing mirror neurons?

PMC

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True or false: like the primary motor cortex, neurons in the premotor cortex are discriminating which limb, body part is executing the movement.

False: only the primary cortex does so (contains a somatotopic map of the body musculature, paralleling the map of the primary somatosensory cortex).

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Where is the readiness potential recorded by EEG?

SMA

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The primary motor cortex accounts for what proportion of cortical motor outputs?

About 1/3.

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At what level of the brainstem is the pyramidal decussation happening?

Caudal medulla.

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If sectioning one pyramid, is it the ipsilateral or the contralateral part of the body that will loose motor inputs?

Contralateral.

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Name the three medial pathways descending from the brainstem. What are they globally involved in?

Tectospinal tract.
Vestibulospinal tract.
Reticulospinal tract.
posture and balance

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For which reason are motor cortex outputs innervating interneurons instead of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

Allows to activate/deactivate a “sequence”, or “set” of movements.

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Motor cortex outputs tend to arborize importantly in the spinal cord and synapse with a large number of interneurons. What could be an advantage of this?

Activation of central pattern generators.

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List the input and output structures of the basal ganglia.

Inputs:
-Caudate
-Putamen
Outputs:
-Globus pallidus
-Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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To what nuclei of the thalamus is the basal ganglia inputting?

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei.

Detail the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

Direct: putamen -- (-) > GPi -- (-) > Thalamus Indirect: putamen -- (-) > GPo -- (-) > STN -- (+) > GPi -- (-) > Thalamus

Between Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, which one is hypokinetic? Which one is hyperkinetic?

Hypokinetic: Parkison's Hyperkinetic: Huntington's

How are Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases relating to deficiencies in direct and indirect pathways?

Parkinson's: underactivated DP and overactivated IP. Huntington's: underactivated IP.

What brainstem nucleus is mediating saccades?

Abducens.

How does the abducens nucleus codes for the velocity of the saccade?

Frequency of bursts.

Which part of the saccade system is responsible to encode new eye position by a step change in firing rate?

Neural integrator (Int).

What is the organization of intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus coding for?

Amplitude and direction of saccades.

What are the input(s)/output(s) of the superior colliculus?

Inputs: retina, visual areas of cortex. Output: cortex.

Why do we say that burst neurons involved in the saccade system make spatial-temporal transformations?

They transform the superior colliculus input (spatially determined) in a firing pattern (temporal activity).

What happens from a lesion to LIP? A lesion to FEF?

Lesion to LIP: disrupts bottom-up driven saccades. Lesion to FEF: disrupts cognitively driven saccades.

What cellular process involved in learning and memory is characteristic of the cerebellum?

Long-term depression (LPD).

What is ataxia?

Neurodegenerative disease affecting the cerebellum, generating a lack of coordination of voluntary movements.

What structures are mediating the cerebral cortex-brainstem interactions?

-Superior cerebellar peduncle -Middle cerebellar peduncle -Inferior cerebellar peduncle

What is/are the input cerebellar peduncle(s)? Output? From/to what regions?

Superior cerebellar peduncle sending outputs to brainstem and cerebellar cortex Middle cerebellar peduncle receiving inputs from cerebral cortex. Inferior cerebellar peduncle receiving inputs from spinal cord and brainstem.

What are the two paths that can take an input to the cerebellum?

1. Directly to the deep nuclei 2. Indirectly to the deep nuclei by passing by the cerebellar cortex

What are the five cell types in the cerebellar cortex?

Granule Purkinje Golgi Basket Stellate

Which cell is the output of the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje cell

What are the two kinds of input to the cerebellar cortex?

Mossy fiber input (->granule cells -> parallel fibers) Climbing fiber input

In terms of connectivity, name something in common for mossy fibers and climbing fibers.

They both bifurcate to input 1) on the deep nuclei 2) on upper layers of the cerebellar cortex

Explain how the cerebellar circuitry arising from connectivity between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells exhibits both CONVERGENCE and DIVERGENCE.

DIVERGENCE: Granule’s axons are splitting into the rows of Purkinje cells and extend pretty far (parallel fibers) forming beams perpendicular to PCs → making TONS of excitatry inputs on PC = important divergence. CONVERGENCE: And PCs getting TONS of inputs from MANY DIFFERENT granule cells' parallel fibers (beams) = important convergence.

Which cell of the cerebellar cortex is responsible of lateral inhibition? On what targets?

The basket cells inhibit neighbouring rows of PCs.

Where are climbing fibers originating from?

Inferior olives.

Name five differences between parellel and climbing fibers

Parallel fibers - Coming from brainstem, spinal cord, cortex-pons (via the intermediate of mossy fibers) - Perpendicular to PC - Small excitation on PC - MANY (beam) parallel fibers for 1 PC - Simple spikes Climbing fibers - Coming from inferior olives - Parallel to PC - Strong excitation on PC - 1 climbing fiber for 1 PC - Complex spikes

What kind of ion channel mediates simple spikes? Complex spikes?

Simple spikes: sodium-gated channels. Complex spike: calcium-gated channels.

What input on deep nuclei is shaping their firing activity?

Inputs from PC.

Briefly explain what Stellate, Basket and Golgi cells are involved in.

Stellate: activated by parallel fiber, inhibitory synapse on PC. Basket: lateral inhibition. Golgi: feedback inhibition on granule cells.

True or false: deep nulcei form negative feedback loop with inferior olive.

True.

Name the three functional domains of the cerebellum and list the structures they are made of.

Vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe Spinocerebellum: vermis + intermediate hemispheres Cerebrocerebellum: lateral hemispheres

Provide a role/function for every structure in the cerebellum.

Flocculonodular lobe: balance and eye movements. Vermis: project through medial pathways of brainstem to control posture. Intermediate hemispheres: coordination of movements of the limbs via the rubrospinal tract. Lateral hemispheres: mental rehearsal of movements and fine dexterous movements (hands).

What functional domain of the cerebellum is involved in feedforward control of movements?

Spinocerebellum.

Where are mossy fibers originating from?

Spinal cord or brainstem.

In the internal forward model of the cerebellum, what structure is conveying motor commands (efference copy) to the cerebellum? What structure is conveying the prediction "error"?

Mossy fibers. Inferior olives (climbing fibers).

How are climbing fibers adjusting the simple spike patterns?

LTD of parallel fiber-PC synapses.

What brain region was damaged during the incident of Phineas Gage?

vmPFC

What is thought to drive the change of strategies in the gambling test?

Physiological changes.

What is the principal function of the insula?

Integrate interoceptive information.

True or false: the hypothalamus is subcortical.

True.

What is the principal function of the hypothalamus?

Drive behaviours that regulate the body homeostasis.

What are the three mechanisms of action of the hypothalamus?

1. Controlling the endocrine system. 2. Interaction with limbic cortical structures. 3. Interaction with brainstem (control over reflexes and visceral physiological responses).

What is the principal function of the amygdala?

Attribute emotional properties (particularly fear or anxiety) to external stimuli.

The trolley problem is likely to activate the "hot" or "cold" executive control? The footbridge problem.

- Trolley problem activates the the lPFC = “cold” executive control, no emotional content - Footbridge problem activates the vmPFC = “hot” executive control, emotional content

List the brain structures recruited by explicit memory. By implicit memory.

Hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and cerebral cortex (amygdala also involved for intensely emotional memories). BG, cerebellum and amygdala.

What is the order of synapses in the hippocampus circuit from the perforant pathway.

Perforant pathway - (dentate gyrus) - mossy fiber pathway - (CA3) - schaffer collateral pathway - (CA1) - perforant pathway

Where is the hippocampus contained?

Medial temporal lobe.

For what kind of synaptic cellular process is the hippocampus famously known?

Long term potentiation (LTP).

Where are place cells found?

In hippocampus.

What specific receptor is involved in spatial learning?

NMDAr.

What are the arteries involved in the anterior cortex circulation?

Internal carotid arteries.

What are the arteries involved in the posterior cortex circulation?

Vertebral arteries.

The anterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply blood to which part of the cerebellum?

Middle.

What are the three layers of the meninges, from outward to inward? What is each of them lining?

Dura mater: lining skull Arachnoid layer: lining dura (skull) Pia mater: lining cortex

True or false: both blood and CSF flow in the super saggital sinus.

True.

What is connecting the fourth and third ventricle?

Cerebral aqueduct.

What are cisterns?

Enlargements of the subarachnoid space.

CSF is exiting the ventricles via two sets of openings. Name them.

- Foramen of Magendie - Foramen of Lushka

For which reasons do we feel like our thoughts cause our actions?

Priority Consistency Exclusivity

For which reasons do we feel like our thoughts cause our actions?

Priority Consistency Exclusivity