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ANAT321 post midterm > SCRAMBLE > Flashcards

SCRAMBLE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the opening linking the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

A

Foramen of Monro.

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2
Q

Why does it make sense that CSF ends up joining the bloodstream in the SSS?

A

CSF has a composition similar to plasma, so it makes sense that CSF is recycled into the blood.

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3
Q

Why would somatic markers be important to actions?

A

For the feeling of authorship.

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4
Q

In what layers of V1 are the k, p and m pathways from LGN projecting?

A

k: blob of 2-3
p: 4Cbeta
m: 4Calpha and 4B

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5
Q

What pathways (k, p, m) are constituting the dorsal pathway? The ventral pathway?

A

Dorsal: m
Ventral: k, p, m

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6
Q

What is the difference between an orientation-selective column and a swirl?

A

A orientation selective column is a vertical arrangement. A swirl is a horizontal arrangement of many orientation selective columns (every column necessary to have orientation sensitivity for 360 degrees).

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7
Q

The reichardt detector model was famously used to explain what neurophysiological mechanism?

A

The interaural time delay in the medial superior olivary nucleus.

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8
Q

True or false: ocular dominance columns are first found in the cortex (V1) along the visual pathway (from retina).

A

False: also found in LGN.

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9
Q

What cerebral structure is impaired in patients suffering from blindsight?

A

V1

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10
Q

How are patients suffering from blindsight still able to capture motion?

A

Retinal ganglion cells projecting in subconscious pathways: superior colliculus, LGN-amygdala.

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11
Q

Name the four prominent areas of the motor cortex.

A

Primary motor cortex (M1)
Lateral premotor cortex (lPMC)
Supplementary motor area (SMA)
Pre-SMA

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12
Q

What is corresponding to Brodmann’s area 4? Area 6?

A

Area 4: primary motor cortex.
Area 6: premotor cortex + supplementary motor area.

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13
Q

What typically happens from a lesion to M1? Lesion to PMC? Lesion to SMA?

A

M1: paralysis
PMC: disorganization of movement
SMA: lack of consciousness for self-generated movements

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14
Q

Sensory-transformations are essential to interact with the environment. What are two structures mediating this process?

A

Parietal lobe.
Premotor cortex.

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15
Q

What subregion of the motor cortex is containing mirror neurons?

A

PMC

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16
Q

True or false: like the primary motor cortex, neurons in the premotor cortex are discriminating which limb, body part is executing the movement.

A

False: only the primary cortex does so (contains a somatotopic map of the body musculature, paralleling the map of the primary somatosensory cortex).

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17
Q

Where is the readiness potential recorded by EEG?

A

SMA

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18
Q

The primary motor cortex accounts for what proportion of cortical motor outputs?

A

About 1/3.

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19
Q

At what level of the brainstem is the pyramidal decussation happening?

A

Caudal medulla.

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20
Q

If sectioning one pyramid, is it the ipsilateral or the contralateral part of the body that will loose motor inputs?

A

Contralateral.

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21
Q

Name the three medial pathways descending from the brainstem. What are they globally involved in?

A

Tectospinal tract.
Vestibulospinal tract.
Reticulospinal tract.
posture and balance

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22
Q

For which reason are motor cortex outputs innervating interneurons instead of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Allows to activate/deactivate a “sequence”, or “set” of movements.

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23
Q

Motor cortex outputs tend to arborize importantly in the spinal cord and synapse with a large number of interneurons. What could be an advantage of this?

A

Activation of central pattern generators.

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24
Q

List the input and output structures of the basal ganglia.

A

Inputs:
-Caudate
-Putamen
Outputs:
-Globus pallidus
-Substantia nigra pars reticulata

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25
Q

To what nuclei of the thalamus is the basal ganglia inputting?

A

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei.

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26
Q

Detail the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

A

Direct: putamen – (-) > GPi – (-) >Thalamus
Indirect: putamen – (-) >GPo – (-) >STN – (+) >GPi – (-) >Thalamus

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27
Q

Between Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, which one is hypokinetic? Which one is hyperkinetic?

A

Hypokinetic: Parkison’s
Hyperkinetic: Huntington’s

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28
Q

How are Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases relating to deficiencies in direct and indirect pathways?

A

Parkinson’s: underactivated DP and overactivated IP.
Huntington’s: underactivated IP.

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29
Q

What brainstem nucleus is mediating saccades?

A

Abducens.

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30
Q

How does the abducens nucleus codes for the velocity of the saccade?

A

Frequency of bursts.

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31
Q

Which part of the saccade system is responsible to encode new eye position by a step change in firing rate?

A

Neural integrator (Int).

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32
Q

What is the organization of intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus coding for?

A

Amplitude and direction of saccades.

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33
Q

What are the input(s)/output(s) of the superior colliculus?

A

Inputs: retina, visual areas of cortex.
Output: cortex.

34
Q

Why do we say that burst neurons involved in the saccade system make spatial-temporal transformations?

A

They transform the superior colliculus input (spatially determined) in a firing pattern (temporal activity).

35
Q

What happens from a lesion to LIP? A lesion to FEF?

A

Lesion to LIP: disrupts bottom-up driven saccades.
Lesion to FEF: disrupts cognitively driven saccades.

36
Q

What cellular process involved in learning and memory is characteristic of the cerebellum?

A

Long-term depression (LPD).

37
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Neurodegenerative disease affecting the cerebellum, generating a lack of coordination of voluntary movements.

38
Q

What structures are mediating the cerebral cortex-brainstem interactions?

A

-Superior cerebellar peduncle
-Middle cerebellar peduncle
-Inferior cerebellar peduncle

39
Q

What is/are the input cerebellar peduncle(s)? Output? From/to what regions?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle sending outputs to brainstem and cerebellar cortex
Middle cerebellar peduncle receiving inputs from
cerebral cortex.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle receiving inputs from spinal cord and brainstem.

40
Q

What are the two paths that can take an input to the cerebellum?

A
  1. Directly to the deep nuclei
  2. Indirectly to the deep nuclei by passing by the cerebellar cortex
41
Q

What are the five cell types in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Granule
Purkinje
Golgi
Basket
Stellate

42
Q

Which cell is the output of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cell

43
Q

What are the two kinds of input to the cerebellar cortex?

A

Mossy fiber input (->granule cells ->parallel fibers)
Climbing fiber input

44
Q

In terms of connectivity, name something in common for mossy fibers and climbing fibers.

A

They both bifurcate to input 1) on the deep nuclei 2) on upper layers of the cerebellar cortex

45
Q

Explain how the cerebellar circuitry arising from connectivity between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells exhibits both CONVERGENCE and DIVERGENCE.

A

DIVERGENCE: Granule’s axons are splitting into the rows of Purkinje cells and extend pretty far (parallel fibers) forming beams perpendicular to PCs → making TONS of excitatry inputs on PC = important divergence.
CONVERGENCE: And PCs getting TONS of inputs from MANY DIFFERENT granule cells’ parallel fibers (beams) = important convergence.

46
Q

Which cell of the cerebellar cortex is responsible of lateral inhibition? On what targets?

A

The basket cells inhibit neighbouring rows of PCs.

47
Q

Where are climbing fibers originating from?

A

Inferior olives.

48
Q

Name five differences between parellel and climbing fibers

A

Parallel fibers

  • Coming from brainstem, spinal cord, cortex-pons (via the intermediate of mossy fibers)
  • Perpendicular to PC
  • Small excitation on PC
  • MANY (beam) parallel fibers for 1 PC
  • Simple spikes

Climbing fibers

  • Coming from inferior olives
  • Parallel to PC
  • Strong excitation on PC
  • 1 climbing fiber for 1 PC
  • Complex spikes
49
Q

What kind of ion channel mediates simple spikes? Complex spikes?

A

Simple spikes: sodium-gated channels.
Complex spike: calcium-gated channels.

50
Q

What input on deep nuclei is shaping their firing activity?

A

Inputs from PC.

51
Q

Briefly explain what Stellate, Basket and Golgi cells are involved in.

A

Stellate: activated by parallel fiber, inhibitory synapse on PC.
Basket: lateral inhibition.
Golgi: feedback inhibition on granule cells.

52
Q

True or false: deep nulcei form negative feedback loop with inferior olive.

A

True.

53
Q

Name the three functional domains of the cerebellum and list the structures they are made of.

A

Vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe
Spinocerebellum: vermis + intermediate hemispheres
Cerebrocerebellum: lateral hemispheres

54
Q

Provide a role/function for every structure in the cerebellum.

A

Flocculonodular lobe: balance and eye movements.
Vermis: project through medial pathways of brainstem to control posture.
Intermediate hemispheres: coordination of movements of the limbs via the rubrospinal tract.
Lateral hemispheres: mental rehearsal of movements and fine dexterous movements (hands).

55
Q

What functional domain of the cerebellum is involved in feedforward control of movements?

A

Spinocerebellum.

56
Q

Where are mossy fibers originating from?

A

Spinal cord or brainstem.

57
Q

In the internal forward model of the cerebellum, what structure is conveying motor commands (efference copy) to the cerebellum? What structure is conveying the prediction “error”?

A

Mossy fibers. Inferior olives (climbing fibers).

58
Q

How are climbing fibers adjusting the simple spike patterns?

A

LTD of parallel fiber-PC synapses.

59
Q

What brain region was damaged during the incident of Phineas Gage?

A

vmPFC

60
Q

What is thought to drive the change of strategies in the gambling test?

A

Physiological changes.

61
Q

What is the principal function of the insula?

A

Integrate interoceptive information.

62
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus is subcortical.

A

True.

63
Q

What is the principal function of the hypothalamus?

A

Drive behaviours that regulate the body homeostasis.

64
Q

What are the three mechanisms of action of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Controlling the endocrine system.
  2. Interaction with limbic cortical structures.
  3. Interaction with brainstem (control over reflexes and visceral physiological responses).
65
Q

What is the principal function of the amygdala?

A

Attribute emotional properties (particularly fear or anxiety) to external stimuli.

66
Q

The trolley problem is likely to activate the “hot” or “cold” executive control? The footbridge problem.

A
  • Trolley problem activates the the lPFC = “cold” executive control, no emotional content
  • Footbridge problem activates the vmPFC = “hot” executive control, emotional content
67
Q

List the brain structures recruited by explicit memory. By implicit memory.

A

Hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and cerebral cortex (amygdala also involved for intensely emotional memories). BG, cerebellum and amygdala.

68
Q

What is the order of synapses in the hippocampus circuit from the perforant pathway.

A

Perforant pathway - (dentate gyrus) - mossy fiber pathway - (CA3) - schaffer collateral pathway - (CA1) - perforant pathway

69
Q

Where is the hippocampus contained?

A

Medial temporal lobe.

70
Q

For what kind of synaptic cellular process is the hippocampus famously known?

A

Long term potentiation (LTP).

71
Q

Where are place cells found?

A

In hippocampus.

72
Q

What specific receptor is involved in spatial learning?

A

NMDAr.

73
Q

What are the arteries involved in the anterior cortex circulation?

A

Internal carotid arteries.

74
Q

What are the arteries involved in the posterior cortex circulation?

A

Vertebral arteries.

75
Q

The anterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply blood to which part of the cerebellum?

A

Middle.

76
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges, from outward to inward? What is each of them lining?

A

Dura mater: lining skull
Arachnoid layer: lining dura (skull)
Pia mater: lining cortex

77
Q

True or false: both blood and CSF flow in the super saggital sinus.

A

True.

78
Q

What is connecting the fourth and third ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct.

79
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Enlargements of the subarachnoid space.

80
Q

CSF is exiting the ventricles via two sets of openings. Name them.

A
  • Foramen of Magendie
  • Foramen of Lushka
81
Q

For which reasons do we feel like our thoughts cause our actions?

A

Priority
Consistency
Exclusivity

81
Q

For which reasons do we feel like our thoughts cause our actions?

A

Priority
Consistency
Exclusivity

ANAT321 post midterm (3 decks)

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