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Y4 Farm - GI > Scour in indoor cattle > Flashcards

Scour in indoor cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious causes of d+ in cattle

A
  • Salmonella
  • Eimeria species
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Mycobaterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • E. Coli
  • Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
  • Rinderpest
  • Clostridium species
  • Nematodes
  • Yersinia
  • Malignant Catarrhal Fever
  • Secondary to septicaemia
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2
Q

Non-infectious cases of d+ in cattle

A
  • Nutritional
  • Poisonous substances
  • Mycotoxins
  • Acidosis
  • Copper deficiency/toxicity
  • Cobalt +/or selenium deficiency
  • Secondary to Das, peritonitis
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3
Q

Differentials for Infectious Causes of D+ in pre-weaning calves

A

Within 14 days of age:
- Rotavirus
- E. Coli
- Coronavirus
- Cryptosporidium parvum

From a few weeks old:
- Eimeria species

Any age pre-weaning:
- Clostridium species

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4
Q

Differentials for Infectious Causes of D+ in post-weaning calves

A
  • Eimeria species
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5
Q

Differentials for Infectious Causes of D+ in adults

A
  • Winter Dysentery (coronavirus)
  • MAP (Johne’s)
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6
Q

Differentials for Infectious Causes of D+ in any age

A
  • Salmonella*
  • Rinderpest*
  • BVD
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7
Q

Clostridial species

A
  • affects any age pre-weaning

Clostridium perfringens
- Types A, B, C or D
- Commensal of GI tract and soil
- Proliferates if sudden diet change

  • no real tx -> animal likely to die anyway
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8
Q

C. perfringens CS

A

death +/- severe D+

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9
Q

C. perfringens pathology

A
  • haemorrhagic to necrotising enteritis
  • intestinal mucosal ulceration +/- perforation resulting in fibrinous peritonitis
  • D+ in intestines
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10
Q

C. perfringens pathophysiology

A
  • rapid bacteria overgrowth and enterotoxin release
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11
Q

C. perfringens diagnosis

A
  • PM (pathology found as described in another slide)
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12
Q

Eimeria

A

= coccidiosis/coccidia

Who is susceptible?
- 3 weeks to 6 months

Shedding
- shedding can occur transiently throughout life in low numbers

Which species?
- Numerous species of Eimeria – not all are pathogenic
– Eimeria bovis
– Eimeria zuernii
– Eimeria alabamensis

The of oocysts is not indicative of disease, but species is.

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13
Q

Eimeria CS

A
  • D+ and poor DLWG
  • Infection location: cecum, colon and the terminal part of the ileum
  • Mucosa = congested, oedematous and thickened with haemorrhages; later on sloughed away

Bloat 6-8w/o - high suspicion of cocci

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14
Q

Eimeria immunity

A
  • yes
  • depends on the quantity of oocysts picked up during the primary infection
  • species specific
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15
Q

Eimeria predisposing factors

A
  • High stocking densities
  • poor hygiene
  • mixed aged groups
  • stress factors
  • wet and warm weather
  • mixing calf groups
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16
Q

Eimeria prevention

A

HYGIENE:
- Bedding management
- Stocking densities
- Group management etc

MEDICAL:
- Oral Drench: Diclazuril, Toltrazuril, Decoquinate in feed

17
Q

Eimeria tx

A
  • Supportive therapy
  • Diclazuril: 1 mg diclazuril per kg bodyweight
  • Toltrazuril: 15 mg toltrazuril/kg body weight
18
Q

Eimeria diagnosis

A

McMasters test

19
Q

Winter dysentery

A
  • affects adults
  • Same pathogen that causes D+ in calves and mild BRD in post-weaning calves
  • Most cattle are seropositive
  • Virus can cycle around cattle of all ages
20
Q

Winter dysentery: Disease presentation

A
  • Highly contagious – most of the herd
  • Short-lived explosive D+
  • Predominantly in the winter
  • Cattle in close confinement
21
Q

Winter disentery pathophysiology

A
  • Faeco-oral transmission + suspected change in the rumen microbiome
  • Colonisation of small intestine and colon
  • Voluminous D+ from hypersecretion due to inflammatory response
  • Destroy epithelial cells
22
Q

Winter disentery tx

A
  • most of the time is self-limiting
  • try to avoid stress factors and sudden change in diet
  • faecal samples sent to lab to ensure diagnosis is important
23
Q

Salmonella

A
  • affects all ages
  • zoonotic
  • reportable
  • Multiple different species and serovars of Salmonella species
    – Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovars (serotypes) clinical importance in ruminants
    – Dublin = host adapted
    – Commonly isolated = Newport, Typhimurium, Mbandaka
24
Q

Salmonella risk factors

A

Dairy cow
- state of immune system
- natural immunity
- vaccination
- gut health

Salmonella Bacterium
- amount of bacteria consumed
- virulence of serotype

Environment
- stressors (e.g. heat stress, transportation, pen moves, diet changes, calving, overcrowding)
- hygiene of feed and water
- nutrition

25
Q

Salmonella pathophysiology

A
  1. Once ingested,Salmonellaattaches to mucosal cells and is capable of destroyingenterocytes
  2. Stimulate inflammatory response and ingested by macrophages and PMNs
  3. Rapid dissemination throughout the body including lymph tissue
  4. Bacteraemia
26
Q

Salmonella CS

A
  • Clinical signs associated with salmonellosis in adult ruminants include pyrexia
    and diarrhoea.
  • The diarrheic faeces may vary from watery to mucoid and may
    contain fibrin and blood
  • Due to the presence of significant concentrations of proteins, the diarrheic faeces have a putrid, foul odour

Diseases caused by salmonella:
- septicaemia
- enteritis
- abortion

27
Q

Salmonella - diagnostic options

A
  • Individual faecal culture using enrichment and selective media
  • Composite faecal sampling
  • PCR: faeces, milk, tracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
  • Blood, trans tracheal wash, BAL, or joint fluid culture when (suspected bacteriemia)
  • Culture or post-mortem sample: gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric lymph node, bile and lung
  • Environmental culture: less useful, will be found on another option
  • Immunoassorbent assay: serum or milk
28
Q

Healthy rumen pH

A
  • 5.6-6.5
29
Q

Normal time spend ruminating per day

A
  • 10-12h
30
Q

Normal volume of saliva produced by cows a day

A
  • > 70L
31
Q

Normal ruminal contractions

A
  • 3 in 2 minutes
32
Q

Normal end product produced by the rumen that is energy

A
  • VFAs
    – propionate
    – acetate
    – butyrate
33
Q

Normal no. of microorganisms per ml in the rumen

A
  • 10^9 to 10^11 cfu/ml
34
Q

SARA

A

= sub-acute ruminal acidosis
(- has its own page)

35
Q

Mycotoxins

A
  • Significance: Unknown
  • Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicilliumare in silage
  • Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were the most commonmycotoxins in UK
36
Q

Mycotoxins CS

A
  • loss of appetite
  • reduced milk yield or poor weight gain
  • feed refusal
  • diarrhoea
  • pyrexia
  • pruritis
  • bleeding
  • ill thrift
37
Q

Mycotoxins diagnosis

A
  • difficult due to the lack of specific clinical signs and overlapping symptoms of other metabolic diseases, such as acidosis in cattle
  • Not contagious, but usually a good portion of the herd is affected
  • Conventional medicines have little effect in controlling the disease
  • Outbreaks are often seasonal
  • The problem is associated with a specific feed
  • An analytical assay of the feed indicates the presence ofmycotoxins
38
Q

Mycotoxins prevention

A
  • Harvesting crops as early as possible in the season (especially forage maize) avoiding soil contamination
  • Minimising top spoilage through the use of an oxygen barrier covering film
  • Mycotoxin binder in TMR

Y4 Farm - GI (14 decks)

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