Scottish Migration

Question 1

What were causes for internal migration?

Answer 1

1. The potato famine
2. Farmhands being contracted to 6-12 months minimum, and if they became unemployed they lost their homes
3. Landlords forcing tenants from their land and to crofts which they had to farm their food, starved if insufficient
4. Rural areas were lonely and lacked social opportunities unlike urban areas
5. Poor quality soil and weather so farming wasn’t good
6. Urban wages were up to 50% higher and there were far better employment opportunities available
7. Urban work was perceived to be less demanding, offered hours and holidays better too
8. Railways allowed positive words to be spread, encouraging people to move

Question 2

What were push factors for internal migration?

Answer 2

1. The potato famine
2. Farmhands being contracted to 6-12 months minimum, and if they became unemployed they lost their homes
3. Landlords forcing tenants from their land and to crofts which they had to farm their food, starved if insufficient
4. Rural areas were lonely and lacked social opportunities unlike urban areas
5. Poor quality soil and weather so farming wasn’t good
6. Agriculture wages were poor and the workload was heavy, hours were long and holidays were very limiting

Question 3

What were pull factors for internal migration?

Answer 3

1. Urban workers were free to move form job to job whenever they wished
2. Urban areas had appealing social opportunities because of how many leisure facilities they had along with the busy population
3. Soil was sufficient and weather was good so farming would be good and money worth
4. Urban wages were up to 50% higher and there were far better employment opportunities available
5. Urban work was perceived to be less demanding, offered hours and holidays better too
6. Railways allowed positive words to be spread, encouraging people to move

Question 4

What were causes for external migration

Answer 4

1. Scottish towns were poor and families in Glasgow shared a single room. 20% of babies died before their first birthday.
2. The depression left many unemployed so they moved abroad but moved back as it was a worldwide issue
3. Landlords made lit difficult for tenants to survive o their crofts; strict rules with assistance packages.
4. Scottish prisons had long sentences and little space so moved to penal colonies. 90% stayed.
5. Fishing and lowland farming struggled for money
6. Canada offered farmers housing with fencing.
7. Steamships were faster.
8. Postal was faster and more frequent, letter came with money and were in newspapers.
9. Workers were needed for the Canadian Pacific Railway.
10. Duke of Argyll and Sutherland financially aided.
11. Plenty of land on offer, NZ & Australia succeeded in sheep and cattle farming
12. Discovery of gold and gold rushes
13. Settlements meant more facilities to be built.
14. Cultural societies had been built.

Question 5

What were push factors for external migration?

Answer 5

1. Scottish towns were poor and families in Glasgow shared a single room. 20% of babies died before their first birthday.
2. The depression left many unemployed so they moved abroad but moved back as it was a worldwide issue
3. Landlords made lit difficult for tenants to survive o their crofts; strict rules with assistance packages.
4. Scottish prisons had long sentences and little space so were forced to move abroad
5. Fishing and lowland farming struggled for money
6. You couldn’t own land in Scotland

Question 6

What were pull factors for external migration?

Answer 6

1. There were lots of money opportunities abroad for fishers and farmers
2. Criminals were sent to penal colonies which had shorter sentences and once it was done, 90% chose to stay
3. Canada offered farmers housing with fencing.
4. Steamships were faster.
5. Postal was faster and more frequent, letter came with money and were in newspapers.
6. Workers were needed for the Canadian Pacific Railway.
7. Duke of Argyll and Sutherland financially aided.
8. Plenty of land on offer, NZ & Australia succeeded in sheep and cattle farming
9. Discovery of gold and gold rushes
10. Settlements meant more facilities to be built.
11. Cultural societies had been built.