Scotland Flashcards
What was international trade like before 1600?
- Lots of trading ports, most trade to the East
- Didn’t have to go through England to get to Europe
- Exporter coal, salt, wool, cereals, fish
- Imported wine, spices, grapes, timber
What was international relations like before 1600?
- Anglo Scottish conflicts from 1300 - 1500 with the English monarchy wanting the whole island
- Aligned with France, England’s enemy, for protection
What were the impacts of international relations before 1600?
Economic (couldn’t trade with English ports)
Political (kings kidnapped, Scottish political stability maintained with threat)
Relationship with France (auld alliance)
Royal marriages (Denmark improved trade, Tudor later led to joint monarchy)
Church independence (got pope for archbishop)
Education (universities)
Who was involved in the Glorious Revolution
James the 2nd + 7th
William of Orange and wife Mary (James’s son in law)
Who was james the 2nd/7ths father
Charles 2nd
Why did James lose throne in 1689
Unpopularity of Charles 2nd
Parliamentary actions
James’s actions
Why was Charles 2nd unpopular
- Associated with revolutions, disruptions and chaos
- Repealed laws since 1639 restoring royal power and sacking ministers who didn’t agree with decisions
- religious persecution with arrests and executions, wanted to return to Catholicism
What was parliaments actions during Glorious Revolution
Exclusion crisis 1679 with attempts to exclude james from throne but Charles dissolved parliament
Parliamentary problems and fear of civil war so asked William to come to England
Why was James unpopular in Glorious Revolution
Appointed Catholics in powerful positions like judges and army officers
Gave freedom of worship to Catholics and quakers
Appointed Catholics to major offices like chancellor
Tried to pack parliament with sympathisers
Birth of catholic male heir
What were results of Glorious Revolution
William invaded in November
Scottish politicians went to London to negotiate
Convention 1689 with James sacked as Scottish ruler
Crown offered and accepted by William and Mary
When was the Glorious Revolution
1688
When was the union of the crowns
1603
What caused the union of crowns
Rule of monarch to produce heir
None of Henry 8ths children had heirs so end of Tudor dynasty
When queen Elizabeth of England died, closest relative was james 6th of Scotland
What were the consequences of the union 1603
Shared monarch
Non resident monarch
Foreign policy
Economic consequences
What was the consequences of having a non resident monarch
Disruptive for Scotland
Had been used to kings active participation in government
Communication through letters which was very slow
What were the changes to foreign policy after the 1603 union
Kings personal job to make treaties with other countries
End of Scottish independent policy, had to take into account England’s interests
Previously hostile so Scotlands allies were England’s enemies
Unclear relationship with France
What were the issues with Charles 1st, son of James 6th
Reigned from 1625
Uncounselled, not interested in taking advice
Believed in divine right of kings
Thought he had supreme authority
Unpopular politics and wanted to change way of church
Consequences of Charles 1st dislike
Covenanting Revolution 1638 with successful rebellion against kings policies
Constitutional monarchy declared (parliament had more power than king, needed to consult first and meet every 3 years)
What caused the decline in the Scottish England relationship after 1603 union
Execution of Charles 1st
Military occupation 1651-1660
Explain the execution of Charles 1st
Put on trial after wars of 3 kingdoms and executed by English in 1649
Scottish unhappy, was their king too
Scotland claimed Charles 2nd as their king
English unhappy do invaded and conquered in 1651
Explain the military occupation of 1651-1660
Cromwellian regime took over civil control
Absorbed by Oliver Cromwell into English republic
All Scottish institutions ceased
Strong military presence, forts built
Scottish reps in commonwealth
How was the joint monarchy restored after the military occupation
Oliver Cromwell died 1658
No constitution drawn up so role passed to son Richard
Richard uninterested
Military coup staged
Charles 2nd invited back from exile in Netherlands
Monarchy restored by 1660
What were the attempts at union before 1707
James 6th in 1603
Cromwell in 1650’s
Charles 2nd in 1660’s-70’s
What happened in Scotland’s ill years
Nine years war 1688-1697 (against France, disrupted trade the economy depended on)
Foreign protectionism (tariffs imposed on goods, couldn’t afford to pay)
Darien scheme
Famine (worst in history, killed 10% of population)
When we’re Scotland’s ill Years
1690’s
What was the process of the 1707 union
William of Orange brings up idea and Queen Anne pushes it
Negotiations from 1702-05
Growing tensions over succession issues
Implemented in 1707
What was the Scottish impact of the 1707 union
Initially very popular
Scotland maintain church and education system
Maintained local parliament
Internal structure remained independent
Adopted English currency and economic system
Joint responsibility for English debt, Scots paid compensation
Reasons for 1707 union
Domestic succession issues
War of Spanish succession 1701-1713
What was the domestic succession issues in 1707
Childless deaths of William and Mary and Queen Anne
Obvious Stuart dynasty would die out
Imminent Hanoverian succession who was first Protestant in line
England needed Scotland to accept her for their throne too, union only way to ensure this
Why did the 1707 union help with the Spanish wars of succession
England and France were leading opposing alliances
Feared Scotland could act as back door for France
Union would make it easier to stop French
What were the domestic events of Jacobite agitation?
Irish war 1688 (catholic jacobites vs Protestant williamites, James trying to regain kingdoms) 1689 rising in Dundee 1745 rising (bonnie prince Charlie trying to win throne for father, defeated at culloden)
What European wars did the Jacobites have a role in
Nine year war (French using jacobites to weaken England)
Wars of Spanish and Austrian succession
War of quadruple alliance (Spain against Britain )
From 1680 to 1760, what were the new emigration destinations for Scots?
England (London, Northumberland) Ireland (Ulster) North America (Carolina, West Indies)
What was the global migration for Scots between 1680-1760
200 thousand to 360 thousand
What were the push factors for migration?
Economic (underdeveloped economy, limited options for good employment)
Demographic (population pressure, small agricultural land left)
Social (constant threat of famine, disease epidemics)
Political (repressive or exclusionist, potential for devastating war)
Personal
What were the pull factors for migration?
England (vibrant economy, employment for skilled professionals)
Ireland (land for farmers and servants, Scottish communities)
North America (commercial opportunities for merchants and land available)
What were the roles of the British empire up to 1760
Soldiers of empire
Merchants of empire
Imperial professionals
How were Scots soldiers of the British empire
Scottish troops traditionally in British forces (Spanish + Austrian succession wars, fighting against jacobites)
7 years war 1756 (massive % of population in army, disproportionate of Scots)
India (Scots in forced of the east India company)
How were Scots merchants of the empire
Expansion of imperial trade Tobacco trade (half of all Scottish imports and exports, pre eminence as an entrepôt, Scotland first big inertial trade success) Mercantile migrants (reliant on slave trade, plantation stores in America and sugar trading in Caribbean)
How were Scots imperial professionals in the empire
Imperial administration (colonial governships, leadership roles and presence in administration in American and India) White collar services (doctors in North America, Caribbean and presence in east India company medical care)
What was the economic impact on Scotland of being in the British empire
Hugely wealthy imperial trade
Capital injections from trade
Economic development with new ventures and infrastructure
Connection to industrial revolution
What was the social impact of Scotland being in the British empire
Changed landholding patterns undermined traditional hierarchy
Changed demographics with rural depopulation and beginning of urbanisation
Changing view of highlands from violent and barbaric to noble soldiers representing the empire
What was the Scottish involvement in slavery
Slave money funded edinburghs transformation
Slave money used in industrial investments
Involvement of Scottish ports
Emigrated to England for slave trade (John Gladstone)
Bance island
Sugar tobacco and cotton trade crucial to economic improvement
Scottish looms produced osnaburg
Linen industry overtaken by cotton picked by slaves
Working class depended on slave economy
What led to the end of slavery
Legal challengers in 1770s (wedderburns vs Joseph knight) Revolutions in colonies 1834 slavery emancipation act Anti slavery ideas as old as slavery Slavery compensation for owners
What did the colley thesis believe that made Scotland a part of making Britain post 1760
Trade and empire
War and military service
Protestantism
Intermarriage of Scottish and English landed classes
What events brought Scotland into the making of Britain post 1760
Ossian poems Glorious Revolution Queen Anne 1707 union Defeat of jacobites Control of highlands Improved Scottish economy Seen as England little brother Visit of George 4th in 1822
What were the Ossian poems
Told the story of Scotland’s garlic history, gave heritage to highlands and Scotland as a whole, controversy of its authenticity
How were the highlands controlled in the making of Britain
Fort George built
Act of proscription 1746 (banned highland dress)
Heritable jurisdictions Act 1747 (broke up feudal power of clan chiefs and landowners)
How did Scotland’s economy improve in the 18th century
Industrialisation
Cross fertilisation on expertise, workers, capital and trade
Higher wages, cheaper housing and food
What was religion like in Scotland
Protestant reformation in 1560
Presbyterian form
High demand for churches in 1830’s so more built in cities
Provided relief and preached the word and discipline
What happened with the splitting of the church
Two churches by 1843 (Church of Scotland and free Church of Scotland)
Both competed to be the nations church
New teaching college and Sunday schools
1851 census split 4 ways, CofS no longer spoke solely for Scotland
1845 poor law amendment (CofS lost central role in distributing welfare)
What were the religion missions at home
Visited homes, coffins for children, sympathy whilst encouraging discipline and regular work, couldn’t get benefits for free (James peddie urban missionary)
Barnardos saving children, sending to Canada and Australia, farmers would choose child
What were the overseas religious missions
Global missions used as justification for empire, churches competed, 200-350 missionaries including David Livingstone
Increased foreign relations with developed knowledge, visits from the Indians
Patterns of emigration in the 1800’s onwards
Low rates of population increase
America most popular destination
Great migration from 1835-1933 with 2.3 million Scots leaving, loss from all counties
What were the methods of migration
Indentured servants
Orcadians in Canada
Information flows (agents, letters home, government notices)
Vogel scheme (New Zealand borrowed money to improve infrastructure)
What was the impact of emigrating Scots
Creation of Scottish diaspora Loss of support network St. Andrews societies formed Presbyterian culture maintained Not all succeeded
What were the changes in Scottish industry?
Improved working Scotland
Coal mining
New jobs
How had working Scotland improved?
Use of machines Time work disipline Introduction of clock to regiment day Agricultural decline Development of multinationals
How had coal mining improved
8 thousand miners in 1800, 47 thousand by 1870
Underpinned iron steel and shipbuilding
More efficient energy source
Added 300 thousand new jobs
What new jobs were available from the empire
A million in manufacturing More banks, lawyers 200 thousand in transport Skilled jobs developed unions New jobs led to urbanisation
Why was Scotland’s industry important to the world
Responsible for 1/5 of world steel production
Responsible for 1/3 of all railway locomotives
Responsible for 1/5 world shipping tonnage
Indian jute industry in Dundee employees 34 thousand people
Why was Scotland imperial industry important to Scotland
8% of national income was from overseas
£500 million invested overseas by 1914
Heavy industry dominated central belt where most population lived
When demand disappears, Scotland left with machinery and industry leading to economic flatline
What were the social impacts of becoming a workshop of empire
New workplace customs
Unions fighting to increase wages and reduce the 10-14 hour working days
Developments of high streets, malls, department stores
Small businesses able to establish themselves cheaply
Commercialisation of leisure
When was the Act of the union with Ireland
1801
What was the act of union 1801
Ireland taken into United Kingdom, Irish parliament to be abolished
Would ensure Ireland was secure from continental attack
Would improve Irish economy
Would control Ireland after 1789 rebellion
Roman Catholics not given full rights
What was the initial Irish discomfort after the 1801 union
Daniel o connells campaigns (1828 catholic emancipation succeeded, repeal of the union failed)
Great Irish famine 1846-53 caused 1 million deaths
Some benefits (improved education, pensions and government benefits)
Rise of separatist Irish nationalism
What was the 2 sides of Irish separatist nationalism
Constitutionalism looking for home control not separation
Fenianism (IRA/IRB) thought political violence was the only way
When was the home rule crisis in Ireland
1912-1921
What was the Irish home rule crisis
3rd home rule bill
Nationalists in Ireland were majority
Escalated with Ulster volunteer force to support unionists
Uvf imports weapons from Germany, nationalists do the same
Threat of civil war
Delayed by outbreak of world war 1
How did the home rule crisis escalate to violence
Fear of Revolution in Britain with men returning from war facing unemployment and the risk of Irish radical republicanism
1918 Irish general election, Sinn Fein win majority and vote to reject British empire rule and government
Police and IRA violence with state resorting to drastic means against citizens and civilian armies ambushed and killed by IRA
Fears of mass mobilisation that would spread to all Britain
What was the government response to solve the home rule crisis
Government of Ireland act 1920 (4th home rule bill, partition of northern and southern, both parts to remain part of UK)
Anglo Irish treaty 1921 (Ireland established as free state, left empire and commonwealth, Northern Ireland chose to remain with Britain)
