Scotland

Question 1

What was international trade like before 1600?

Answer 1

• Lots of trading ports, most trade to the East
• Didn’t have to go through England to get to Europe
• Exporter coal, salt, wool, cereals, fish
• Imported wine, spices, grapes, timber

Question 2

What was international relations like before 1600?

Answer 2

• Anglo Scottish conflicts from 1300 - 1500 with the English monarchy wanting the whole island
• Aligned with France, England’s enemy, for protection

Question 3

What were the impacts of international relations before 1600?

Answer 3

Economic (couldn’t trade with English ports)
Political (kings kidnapped, Scottish political stability maintained with threat)
Relationship with France (auld alliance)
Royal marriages (Denmark improved trade, Tudor later led to joint monarchy)
Church independence (got pope for archbishop)
Education (universities)

Question 4

Who was involved in the Glorious Revolution

Answer 4

James the 2nd + 7th

William of Orange and wife Mary (James’s son in law)

Question 5

Who was james the 2nd/7ths father

Answer 5

Charles 2nd

Question 6

Why did James lose throne in 1689

Answer 6

Unpopularity of Charles 2nd
Parliamentary actions
James’s actions

Question 7

Why was Charles 2nd unpopular

Answer 7

• Associated with revolutions, disruptions and chaos
• Repealed laws since 1639 restoring royal power and sacking ministers who didn’t agree with decisions
• religious persecution with arrests and executions, wanted to return to Catholicism

Question 8

What was parliaments actions during Glorious Revolution

Answer 8

Exclusion crisis 1679 with attempts to exclude james from throne but Charles dissolved parliament

Parliamentary problems and fear of civil war so asked William to come to England

Question 9

Why was James unpopular in Glorious Revolution

Answer 9

Appointed Catholics in powerful positions like judges and army officers
Gave freedom of worship to Catholics and quakers
Appointed Catholics to major offices like chancellor
Tried to pack parliament with sympathisers
Birth of catholic male heir

Question 10

What were results of Glorious Revolution

Answer 10

William invaded in November
Scottish politicians went to London to negotiate
Convention 1689 with James sacked as Scottish ruler
Crown offered and accepted by William and Mary

Question 11

When was the Glorious Revolution

Answer 11

1688

Question 12

When was the union of the crowns

Answer 12

1603

Question 13

What caused the union of crowns

Answer 13

Rule of monarch to produce heir
None of Henry 8ths children had heirs so end of Tudor dynasty
When queen Elizabeth of England died, closest relative was james 6th of Scotland

Question 14

What were the consequences of the union 1603

Answer 14

Shared monarch
Non resident monarch
Foreign policy
Economic consequences

Question 15

What was the consequences of having a non resident monarch

Answer 15

Disruptive for Scotland
Had been used to kings active participation in government
Communication through letters which was very slow

Question 16

What were the changes to foreign policy after the 1603 union

Answer 16

Kings personal job to make treaties with other countries
End of Scottish independent policy, had to take into account England’s interests
Previously hostile so Scotlands allies were England’s enemies
Unclear relationship with France

Question 17

What were the issues with Charles 1st, son of James 6th

Answer 17

Reigned from 1625
Uncounselled, not interested in taking advice
Believed in divine right of kings
Thought he had supreme authority
Unpopular politics and wanted to change way of church

Question 18

Consequences of Charles 1st dislike

Answer 18

Covenanting Revolution 1638 with successful rebellion against kings policies
Constitutional monarchy declared (parliament had more power than king, needed to consult first and meet every 3 years)

Question 19

What caused the decline in the Scottish England relationship after 1603 union

Answer 19

Execution of Charles 1st

Military occupation 1651-1660

Question 20

Explain the execution of Charles 1st

Answer 20

Put on trial after wars of 3 kingdoms and executed by English in 1649
Scottish unhappy, was their king too
Scotland claimed Charles 2nd as their king
English unhappy do invaded and conquered in 1651

Question 21

Explain the military occupation of 1651-1660

Answer 21

Cromwellian regime took over civil control
Absorbed by Oliver Cromwell into English republic
All Scottish institutions ceased
Strong military presence, forts built
Scottish reps in commonwealth

Question 22

How was the joint monarchy restored after the military occupation

Answer 22

Oliver Cromwell died 1658
No constitution drawn up so role passed to son Richard
Richard uninterested
Military coup staged
Charles 2nd invited back from exile in Netherlands
Monarchy restored by 1660

Question 23

What were the attempts at union before 1707

Answer 23

James 6th in 1603
Cromwell in 1650’s
Charles 2nd in 1660’s-70’s

Question 24

What happened in Scotland’s ill years

Answer 24

Nine years war 1688-1697 (against France, disrupted trade the economy depended on)
Foreign protectionism (tariffs imposed on goods, couldn’t afford to pay)
Darien scheme
Famine (worst in history, killed 10% of population)

Question 25

When we're Scotland's ill Years

Answer 25

1690's

Question 26

What was the process of the 1707 union

Answer 26

William of Orange brings up idea and Queen Anne pushes it Negotiations from 1702-05 Growing tensions over succession issues Implemented in 1707

Question 27

What was the Scottish impact of the 1707 union

Answer 27

Initially very popular Scotland maintain church and education system Maintained local parliament Internal structure remained independent Adopted English currency and economic system Joint responsibility for English debt, Scots paid compensation

Question 28

Reasons for 1707 union

Answer 28

Domestic succession issues | War of Spanish succession 1701-1713

Question 29

What was the domestic succession issues in 1707

Answer 29

Childless deaths of William and Mary and Queen Anne Obvious Stuart dynasty would die out Imminent Hanoverian succession who was first Protestant in line England needed Scotland to accept her for their throne too, union only way to ensure this

Question 30

Why did the 1707 union help with the Spanish wars of succession

Answer 30

England and France were leading opposing alliances Feared Scotland could act as back door for France Union would make it easier to stop French

Question 31

What were the domestic events of Jacobite agitation?

Answer 31

``` Irish war 1688 (catholic jacobites vs Protestant williamites, James trying to regain kingdoms) 1689 rising in Dundee 1745 rising (bonnie prince Charlie trying to win throne for father, defeated at culloden) ```

Question 32

What European wars did the Jacobites have a role in

Answer 32

Nine year war (French using jacobites to weaken England) Wars of Spanish and Austrian succession War of quadruple alliance (Spain against Britain )

Question 33

From 1680 to 1760, what were the new emigration destinations for Scots?

Answer 33

``` England (London, Northumberland) Ireland (Ulster) North America (Carolina, West Indies) ```

Question 34

What was the global migration for Scots between 1680-1760

Answer 34

200 thousand to 360 thousand

Question 35

What were the push factors for migration?

Answer 35

Economic (underdeveloped economy, limited options for good employment) Demographic (population pressure, small agricultural land left) Social (constant threat of famine, disease epidemics) Political (repressive or exclusionist, potential for devastating war) Personal

Question 36

What were the pull factors for migration?

Answer 36

England (vibrant economy, employment for skilled professionals) Ireland (land for farmers and servants, Scottish communities) North America (commercial opportunities for merchants and land available)

Question 37

What were the roles of the British empire up to 1760

Answer 37

Soldiers of empire Merchants of empire Imperial professionals

Question 38

How were Scots soldiers of the British empire

Answer 38

Scottish troops traditionally in British forces (Spanish + Austrian succession wars, fighting against jacobites) 7 years war 1756 (massive % of population in army, disproportionate of Scots) India (Scots in forced of the east India company)

Question 39

How were Scots merchants of the empire

Answer 39

``` Expansion of imperial trade Tobacco trade (half of all Scottish imports and exports, pre eminence as an entrepôt, Scotland first big inertial trade success) Mercantile migrants (reliant on slave trade, plantation stores in America and sugar trading in Caribbean) ```

Question 40

How were Scots imperial professionals in the empire

Answer 40

``` Imperial administration (colonial governships, leadership roles and presence in administration in American and India) White collar services (doctors in North America, Caribbean and presence in east India company medical care) ```

Question 41

What was the economic impact on Scotland of being in the British empire

Answer 41

Hugely wealthy imperial trade Capital injections from trade Economic development with new ventures and infrastructure Connection to industrial revolution

Question 42

What was the social impact of Scotland being in the British empire

Answer 42

Changed landholding patterns undermined traditional hierarchy Changed demographics with rural depopulation and beginning of urbanisation Changing view of highlands from violent and barbaric to noble soldiers representing the empire

Question 43

What was the Scottish involvement in slavery

Answer 43

Slave money funded edinburghs transformation Slave money used in industrial investments Involvement of Scottish ports Emigrated to England for slave trade (John Gladstone) Bance island Sugar tobacco and cotton trade crucial to economic improvement Scottish looms produced osnaburg Linen industry overtaken by cotton picked by slaves Working class depended on slave economy

Question 44

What led to the end of slavery

Answer 44

``` Legal challengers in 1770s (wedderburns vs Joseph knight) Revolutions in colonies 1834 slavery emancipation act Anti slavery ideas as old as slavery Slavery compensation for owners ```

Question 45

What did the colley thesis believe that made Scotland a part of making Britain post 1760

Answer 45

Trade and empire War and military service Protestantism Intermarriage of Scottish and English landed classes

Question 46

What events brought Scotland into the making of Britain post 1760

Answer 46

``` Ossian poems Glorious Revolution Queen Anne 1707 union Defeat of jacobites Control of highlands Improved Scottish economy Seen as England little brother Visit of George 4th in 1822 ```

Question 47

What were the Ossian poems

Answer 47

Told the story of Scotland's garlic history, gave heritage to highlands and Scotland as a whole, controversy of its authenticity

Question 48

How were the highlands controlled in the making of Britain

Answer 48

Fort George built Act of proscription 1746 (banned highland dress) Heritable jurisdictions Act 1747 (broke up feudal power of clan chiefs and landowners)

Question 49

How did Scotland's economy improve in the 18th century

Answer 49

Industrialisation Cross fertilisation on expertise, workers, capital and trade Higher wages, cheaper housing and food

Question 50

What was religion like in Scotland

Answer 50

Protestant reformation in 1560 Presbyterian form High demand for churches in 1830's so more built in cities Provided relief and preached the word and discipline

Question 51

What happened with the splitting of the church

Answer 51

Two churches by 1843 (Church of Scotland and free Church of Scotland) Both competed to be the nations church New teaching college and Sunday schools 1851 census split 4 ways, CofS no longer spoke solely for Scotland 1845 poor law amendment (CofS lost central role in distributing welfare)

Question 52

What were the religion missions at home

Answer 52

Visited homes, coffins for children, sympathy whilst encouraging discipline and regular work, couldn't get benefits for free (James peddie urban missionary) Barnardos saving children, sending to Canada and Australia, farmers would choose child

Question 53

What were the overseas religious missions

Answer 53

Global missions used as justification for empire, churches competed, 200-350 missionaries including David Livingstone Increased foreign relations with developed knowledge, visits from the Indians

Question 54

Patterns of emigration in the 1800's onwards

Answer 54

Low rates of population increase America most popular destination Great migration from 1835-1933 with 2.3 million Scots leaving, loss from all counties

Question 55

What were the methods of migration

Answer 55

Indentured servants Orcadians in Canada Information flows (agents, letters home, government notices) Vogel scheme (New Zealand borrowed money to improve infrastructure)

Question 56

What was the impact of emigrating Scots

Answer 56

``` Creation of Scottish diaspora Loss of support network St. Andrews societies formed Presbyterian culture maintained Not all succeeded ```

Question 57

What were the changes in Scottish industry?

Answer 57

Improved working Scotland Coal mining New jobs

Question 58

How had working Scotland improved?

Answer 58

``` Use of machines Time work disipline Introduction of clock to regiment day Agricultural decline Development of multinationals ```

Question 59

How had coal mining improved

Answer 59

8 thousand miners in 1800, 47 thousand by 1870 Underpinned iron steel and shipbuilding More efficient energy source Added 300 thousand new jobs

Question 60

What new jobs were available from the empire

Answer 60

``` A million in manufacturing More banks, lawyers 200 thousand in transport Skilled jobs developed unions New jobs led to urbanisation ```

Question 61

Why was Scotland's industry important to the world

Answer 61

Responsible for 1/5 of world steel production Responsible for 1/3 of all railway locomotives Responsible for 1/5 world shipping tonnage Indian jute industry in Dundee employees 34 thousand people

Question 62

Why was Scotland imperial industry important to Scotland

Answer 62

8% of national income was from overseas £500 million invested overseas by 1914 Heavy industry dominated central belt where most population lived When demand disappears, Scotland left with machinery and industry leading to economic flatline

Question 63

What were the social impacts of becoming a workshop of empire

Answer 63

New workplace customs Unions fighting to increase wages and reduce the 10-14 hour working days Developments of high streets, malls, department stores Small businesses able to establish themselves cheaply Commercialisation of leisure

Question 64

When was the Act of the union with Ireland

Answer 64

1801

Question 65

What was the act of union 1801

Answer 65

Ireland taken into United Kingdom, Irish parliament to be abolished Would ensure Ireland was secure from continental attack Would improve Irish economy Would control Ireland after 1789 rebellion Roman Catholics not given full rights

Question 66

What was the initial Irish discomfort after the 1801 union

Answer 66

Daniel o connells campaigns (1828 catholic emancipation succeeded, repeal of the union failed) Great Irish famine 1846-53 caused 1 million deaths Some benefits (improved education, pensions and government benefits) Rise of separatist Irish nationalism

Question 67

What was the 2 sides of Irish separatist nationalism

Answer 67

Constitutionalism looking for home control not separation | Fenianism (IRA/IRB) thought political violence was the only way

Question 68

When was the home rule crisis in Ireland

Answer 68

1912-1921

Question 69

What was the Irish home rule crisis

Answer 69

3rd home rule bill Nationalists in Ireland were majority Escalated with Ulster volunteer force to support unionists Uvf imports weapons from Germany, nationalists do the same Threat of civil war Delayed by outbreak of world war 1

Question 70

How did the home rule crisis escalate to violence

Answer 70

Fear of Revolution in Britain with men returning from war facing unemployment and the risk of Irish radical republicanism 1918 Irish general election, Sinn Fein win majority and vote to reject British empire rule and government Police and IRA violence with state resorting to drastic means against citizens and civilian armies ambushed and killed by IRA Fears of mass mobilisation that would spread to all Britain

Question 71

What was the government response to solve the home rule crisis

Answer 71

Government of Ireland act 1920 (4th home rule bill, partition of northern and southern, both parts to remain part of UK) Anglo Irish treaty 1921 (Ireland established as free state, left empire and commonwealth, Northern Ireland chose to remain with Britain)