Scope and Change Management

Question 1

Important Tips

Answer 1

There should be alignment between Project Objectives and Performance Outcomes
Scope should be aligned with project objectives and performance outcomes
25% of projects will need additional scope of 30% or more
35% of projects will need a major change
37% executives agree that failure in strategy is due to poorly defined goals and outcomes
$US3.1B spent in US based construction technology startups in 2018
Triple constraint - scope, cost and time
Scope of Services - subset of SOW and written for each discipline
100% Rule - states that a WBS must include 100% of the project scope

Question 2

What is scope management

Answer 2

Processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required and only the work required

Question 3

What is Front End Planning FEP

Answer 3

Preconstruction
Feasibility
Planning
Concept design

Question 4

Business objectives

Answer 4

Objectives detail steps or actions necessary to achieve the goal

Question 5

Performance outcomes

Answer 5

Are a set of characteristics linked to objectives that must be met
They must be specific, measurable and realistic
For example a petrochemical plant must deliver 10 tons of production daily

Question 6

06 types of business objectives

Answer 6

Business objectives - project objectives need to be aligned with business objectives
Financial objectives
Quality objectives
Technical objectives - adoption of certain technology
Performance objectives - delivery performance, O&M performance, budget performance etc.
Compliance objectives - legal and code compliance

Question 7

SMART goals

Answer 7

Specific
Measurable
Achievable / Actionable
Realistic
Time bound

Question 8

CLEAR goals

Answer 8

Collaborative
Limited - in scope and duration
Emotional - potential benefits to team members if goal is achieved
Appreciable - broken down into subgoals
Refinable - effective communication with all stakeholders

Question 9

Basic Logic Model Tool

Answer 9

It depicts the relationship between your program’s activities and its intended effects. Used to define objectives and performance outcomes

It has 05 steps

Step 1 - Resources inputs
Step 2 - Activities (steps 1 and 2 define the resources and work)
Step 3 - Outputs
Step 4 - Outcomes
Step 5 - Impact (step 3 to 5 describe what the project will achieve)

Question 10

Front End Planning

Answer 10

Includes:

Business needs (Feasibility)
Objectives and outcomes
Scope statement (detailed scope)
Outline general design (concept design)
Risks and opportunities

Question 11

Scope Baseline

Answer 11

Scope of work statement
WBS
Work packages - lowest level of WBS
WBS dictionary - supplementary information for each work package including schedule, budget etc.

Question 12

07 key principles for a WBS

Answer 12

Definable
Manageable
Estimatable
Independent
Integrable
Measurable
Adaptable

Question 13

10 principles of scope management

Answer 13

Understand the project
Identify the project requirements
Hire a qualified PM
Define milestones
Maintain communications
Identify team members’ strengths and weaknesses
Take advantage of management tools
Practice risk management
Test deliverables
Evaluate the project

Question 14

PDRI - project definition review index

Answer 14

A tool to assess the completeness of a project’s scope

Question 15

PDRI MATRS

Answer 15

In 2019 INDUSTRIAL PDRI was paired with MATRS (maturity and accuracy total rating system)
It adds focus on FEED scope rating
Maturity is the degree of completeness
Accuracy is the degree of confidence in the measured level of maturity

Question 16

PDRI MATRS

Answer 16

Question 17

PDRI Tree

Answer 17

Infrastructure projects
Small Infrastructure Projects (<US$20M)
Industrial Projects
Small Industrial Projects (<US$10M)
Building Projects
Mining Projects

Question 18

Sections, Categories and Elements of PDRI

Answer 18

03 Sections. Each section has categories and elements)
Basis of decision (business strategy, owner philosophy and project requirements)
Basis of design (site information, building programming, project design parameters and equipment)
Execution approach (procurement strategy, deliverables, project controls etc.)

Question 19

When to use PDRI

Answer 19

Point 1 - completion of feasibility study
Point 2 - completion of concept phase
Point 2i - if necessary during detailed scope definition phase
Point 3 - at end of front end planning phase FEP

Question 20

Target PDRI score

Answer 20

Less than 200 at Point 3

Question 21

Value Engineering

Answer 21

Value engineering is the systematic process for improving projects, processes or products
There is an organized plan of action of VE

Pre-study preparation
VE workshop including 06 stage job plan
Post study documentation and implementation

Question 22

06 stages of VE workshop

Answer 22

Information
Functional analysis (functions are defined by an active verb and measurable noun)
Creative - develop alternatives
Evaluation - of alternatives
Develop - solutions for selected options
Presentation - of agreed findings to decision makers/stakeholders

Question 23

VE via Functional Analysis

Answer 23

Function is a specific work a design must perform.
By focusing on the function you move away from bias towards a design or technology
Functions are expressed by a an active verb and a measurable noun e.g. retain heat

Question 24

FAST (Function Analysis System Technique) approach for VE/functional analysis

Answer 24

Identify a function
Ask HOW will you achieve the function (lower order function)
Ask WHY do you want the function (higher order function)
Ask WHEN this function is needed what other functions are required as a result

Question 25

04 technologies that support scope management

Answer 25

BIM
Drones
Data Analytics
VR

Question 26

Best practices for using technology

Answer 26

Digitize and streamline - streamline processes before digitizing
Problem solving and value - only use technology that adds value
Interoperability -
Security - cybersecurity protocols

Question 27

Types of change orders

Answer 27

Directive - from the client
Constructive - non client initiated changes like differing site conditions, deficient drawings
Additive - add scope
Deductive - deduct scope

Question 28

05 principles of change order management

Answer 28

Understand when a change order is needed
Avoid unnecessary changes
Reduce impact (need for change orders arising from the change order)
Detect problems early
Setup a robust and efficient process

Question 29

05 steps for change order management

Answer 29

Step 1 - Review the contract (change order clause; contractor’s notice clause re timebound)
Step 2 - Identify the change and create PCO (potential change order)
Step 3 - Evaluate PCO (establish entitlement, measure effect, calculate cost)
Step 4 - Negotiate and execute change order using a Construction Change Directive
Step 5 - Update complete recrods

Question 30

09 best practice recommendations for change management

Answer 30

Establish a change order process upfront
Provide a clear scope of work
Eliminate change from incomplete designs
Coordinate designs between various disciplines
Coordinate all project elements
Collaborate with disciplines
Include a process for managing quality control
Ensure subcontractor compliance to SOW
Support transparency

Question 31

Pricing change orders

Answer 31

Lump sum (cost plus and credit change orders)
Zero Cost
Time & materials
Unit cost

Question 32

Macleamy Curve

Answer 32

Cost of design changes increases further down they are done during design life cycle
Ability to reduce cost is highest during FPE