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IB Psychology > SCLoA Quick Reference > Flashcards

SCLoA Quick Reference Flashcards

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1
Q

SCLoA Principle 1

A

Human beings are social animals with a basic need to belong.

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2
Q

SCLoA Principle 2

A

Culture influences human behaviour.

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3
Q

SCLoA Principle 3

A

Humans have a social self which reflects their group memberships.

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4
Q

Studies that support SCLoA Principle 1

A

Howarth (2002)

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5
Q

Studies that support SCLoA Principle 2

A

Berry (1967)

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6
Q

Studies that support SCLoA Principle 3

A

Tajfel (1970)

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7
Q

Howarth (2002)

A

Study on Brixton adolescent girls. They had a positive image (social identity) of “being from Brixton” which contrasted with others.

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8
Q

Berry (1967)

A

Modification of Asch: Contrasting Temne (Africa) and Inuit (Canada). Temne wanted conformity, Inuit needed independence.

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9
Q

Tajfel (1970)

A

Boys divided into two groups based on arbitrary tasks (Estimation of numbers/painting preference). Boys awarded their ingroup - SIT.

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10
Q

Observations - Why

A

To observe people behave in natural habitats

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11
Q

Observations - Examples

A

Bandura (1963), Charlton (2002)

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12
Q

Observations - Evaluation

A

No control over extraneous variables, cannot make cause-effect statements. Lack of informed consent and privacy.

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13
Q

Informed consent example

A

Sherif (1936) Participants were not informed.

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14
Q

Deception example

A

Asch (1951) Participants were deceive about the purpose.

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15
Q

Protection of participants example

A

Asch (1951) Participants were exposed to embarrassing procedures.

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16
Q

Attribution theory

A

(Heider 1958) Based on the assumption that people try to explain behaviour (naive scientists)

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17
Q

Studies supporting attribution theory

A

Simmel (1944), Evans-Pritchard (1976)

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18
Q

Simmel (1944)

A

Moving geometric figures - participants thought the figures had intentions to move.

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19
Q

Evans-Pritchard (1976)

A

Azande people of Africa - collapsed granary doorway. Caused by termites but was “attributed” to witchcraft/fate.

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20
Q

Two errors in attributions

A

Fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977), Self serving bias

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21
Q

Studies supporting FAE

A

Ross et al. (1977), Suedfeld (2003), Norenzayan et al. (2002)

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22
Q

Strengths of FAE

A
  1. Promoted understanding of errors of attribution

2. Supported research

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23
Q

Limitations of FAE

A
  1. Culturally biased with too much focus on individualism

2. Research lacks ecological validity/generalization

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24
Q

Ross et al. (1977)

A

Quiz show, questioners made up questions, participants and questions demonstrated FAE by attributed the questioner’s ability to answer the question to dispositional factors.

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25
Q

Suedfeld (2003)

A

Holocaust survivors attributed the factors of survivor to situational factors (91%), compared with only 51% of the control group. Dispositional factors: 34% to 71%.

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26
Q

Norenzayan et al. (2002)

A

Korean and American participants. Only received information about individuals - dispositional. Situation factors introduced - Korean used this more than Americans. Indicates universal features of FAE.

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27
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate environmental factors when attributing behaviour.

28
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Take credit for successes and attribute failures to situational factors. Protecting self-esteem.

29
Q

Studies supporting SSB

A

Lau and Russel (1980), Posey and Smith (2003), Kashima and Trinadis (1986), Bong Leung and Wang (1982)

30
Q

Strengths of the SSB

A

Explains why people explain their failures as being caused by situational factors

31
Q

Limitations of the SSB

A

Culturally biased - does not explain modesty bias.

32
Q

Lau and Russel (1980)

A

American football coaches and players demonstrate SSB

33
Q

Posey and Smith (2003)

A

Children were asked to do math questions with a partner. Worked with friends - less likely to demonstrate SSB.

34
Q

Kashima and Trinadis (1986)

A

American and Japanese students were shown slide and asked to memorize details. Japanese students demonstrated the modesty bias.

35
Q

Bong, Leung, and Wan (1982)

A

Chinese societies want to maintain harmonious personal relationships - self-effacing attributions = better liked.

36
Q

Social identity theory

A

Self-categorization theory (Turner 1991) - group membership (value and emotional significance)

37
Q

Studies supporting SIT

A

Tajfel (1970), Howarth (2002)

38
Q

Strengths of SIT

A
  1. Intergroup conflict is not required for discrimination
  2. Explains mechanisms involved in establishing positive distinctiveness in ingroup
  3. Applied to understand behaviours such as ethnocentrism, stereotyping
39
Q

Limitations of SIT

A
  1. Artificiality in research
  2. Cannot explain how ingroup favouritism results in violent behaviour
  3. Reductionist - environmental factors?
40
Q

Stereotypes

A

Based on personal experiences and cultural and social factors - categorization.

41
Q

Stereotype formation

A

Grain of truth hypothesis (Campbell), Social categorization (Tajfel and Turner), Illusory Correlation (Hamilton & Gifford, 1976)

42
Q

The Princeton Trilogy

A

Katz and Braley (1933), Gilber (1951), Karlins et al. (1969)

43
Q

Studies supporting formation of stereotypes

A

The Princeton Trilogy, Devine (1989), Lipmann (1922), Posner and Snyder (1975)

44
Q

Effects of stereotypes on behaviour

A

Confirmation bias, stereotype threat

45
Q

Confirmation bias

A

People pay attention to stereotype consistent information

46
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Negative stereotypes may be internalized by stereotyped groups (Shih et al.)

47
Q

Studies supporting the effect of stereotypes on behaviour

A

Darley and Gross (1983), Stelle and Aronson (1995), Shih et al.

48
Q

Katz and Braley (1933)

A

100 male students from Princeton U. to choose five traits that describe ethnic groups. Considerable agreements in stereotypes were shown. In group bias demonstrated. Stereotypes learned through gatekeepers.

49
Q

Gilber (1951)

A

Replicated Princeton study. Less uniformity, however attitude towards Japanese was extremely negative due to press. Irritation on stereotypes was expressed.

50
Q

Karlins et al. (1969)

A

Repliced Princeton study. More positive stereotypes.

51
Q

Darley and Gross (1983)

A

Video of girl playin in a rich/poor environment. Audience stereotyped their future based on schemas.

52
Q

Stelle and Aronson (1995)

A

African Americans vs European Americans - Americans scored lower on verbal ability, but equally on “how certain problems are solved”. Stereotype threat.

53
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Bandura (1977) - people learn behaviour, reactions, norms though direct experiences and observation of models.

54
Q

Factors of SLT

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.

55
Q

Studies supporting SLT

A

Bandura and Ross (1961), Charlton et a. (2002)

56
Q

Bandura and Ross (1961)

A

Bobo doll study - see if children would imitate adults models (difference in sexes). Children behaved accordingly, and imitated same sex models.

57
Q

Charlton et al. (2002)

A

Observation of children after introduction of TV. No increase in aggressive behaviour - motivation not given.

58
Q

The norm of reciprocity

A

We treat others the way they treat us (Cialdini, 1993)

59
Q

Compliance techniques

A

Foot in the door technique, low-balling, door-in-the-face

60
Q

Foor in the door technique

A

Small request > actual target (Sherman, 1980)

61
Q

Low-balling

A

Secures agreement > hidden cost (Cialdini, 1978)

62
Q

Door-in-the-face

A

Large request > target request (Cialdini, 1975)

63
Q

Sherman (1980)

A

Asked if participants would collect for cancer society, then 3 days later asked for help from the organization. 31% agreed compared to 4% in control

64
Q

Cialdini (1978)

A

Psychology study at 7 am - people refused (control). Psychology study and then 7 am > 95% turn up rate.

65
Q

Cialdini (1975)

A

Escort young criminals and then peer counsellor to young criminals - people said no. Peer counsellors and then escort children, 50% agreed.

IB Psychology (2 decks)

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