Scientists

Question 1

Answer 1

Albert Einstein

Born: 14 March 1879, Ulm, Germany

Died: 18 April 1955, Princeton Medical Center at Plainsboro, New Jersey, United States

Other academic advisors: Heinrich Friedrich Weber

Education: University of Zurich (1905), ETH Zürich (1896–1900), MORE

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Copley Medal, Max Planck Medal, MORE

Quotes

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving.

If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.

Question 2

Answer 2

Marie Curie

French-Polish physicist

Born: 7 November 1867, Warsaw, Poland

Died: 4 July 1934, Sancellemoz

Discovered: Radium, Polonium

Question 3

Answer 3

Isaac Newton, Mathematician

Born: 4 January 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House

Died: 31 March 1727, Kensington, London

Buried: Westminster Abbey, London

Education: Trinity College (1667–1668)

Question 4

Answer 4

Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. In 1953, he co-authored with James Watson the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Born: 8 June 1916, Weston Favell, Northampton

Died: 28 July 2004, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States

Thesis: Polypeptides and proteins: X-ray studies (1954)

Education: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MORE

Discovery: DNA

Question 5

Answer 5

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Galileo has been called the “father of observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of the scientific method”, and the “father of modern science”

Born: 15 February 1564, Pisa, Italy

Died: 8 January 1642, Arcetri

Discovered: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io, Rings of Saturn

Known for: Kinematics, Analytical dynamics, Telescopes, Heliocentrism

Question 6

Answer 6

Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.

Born: 12 February 1809, The Mount House, Shrewsbury

Died: 19 April 1882, Home of Charles Darwin - Down House, Downe

Awards: Copley Medal, Wollaston Medal, Royal Medal

Question 7

Answer 7

Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS was a Scottish biologist, physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist discovered penicillin

Born: 6 August 1881, Darvel

Died: 11 March 1955, London

Education: St Mary’s Hospital Medical School (1903–1906), Kilmarnock Academy, University of Westminster- Law school

Question 8

Answer 8

Nicolaus Copernicus

Born: 19 February 1473, Torun, Poland

Died: 24 May 1543, Frombork, Poland

Known for: Heliocentrism, Quantity theory of money, Gresham’s law

Education: University of Padua (1501–1503)

Question 9

Answer 9

Johannes Kepler

Born: 27 December 1571, Weil der Stadt, Germany

Died: 15 November 1630, Regensburg, Germany

Residence: Württemberg; Styria; Bohemia; Upper Austria

Known for: Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Kepler conjecture, Rudolphine Tables

Question 10

Answer 10

Enrico Fermi was an Italian and naturalized-American physicist and the creator of the world’s first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the “architect of the nuclear age” and the “architect of the atomic bomb”

Born: 29 September 1901, Rome, Italy

Died: 28 November 1954, Chicago, Illinois, United States

Other notable students: Jack Steinberger; Chen Ning Yang

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Hughes Medal, Max Planck Medal, Franklin Medal, Matteucci Medal, Rumford Prize

Question 11

Answer 11

Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases, and his discoveries have saved many lives ever since.

Born: 27 December 1822, Dole, France

Died: 28 September 1895, Marnes-la-Coquette, France

Invention: Pasteurization

Education: École Normale Supérieure (1847)

Question 12

Answer 12

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite.

Born: 25 July 1920, Notting Hill, London

Died: 16 April 1958, Chelsea, London

Known for: Structure of DNA; Fine structure of coal and graphite; Virus structures

Education: University of Cambridge (1945)

Question 13

Answer 13

James Dewey Watson is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. In 1953, he co-authored with Francis Crick the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Born: 6 April 1928 (age 91 years), Chicago, Illinois, United States

Education: Indiana University (1947–1950), MORE

Discovery: DNA

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Copley Medal

Question 14

Answer 14

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpting,

Born: 15 April 1452, Anchiano, Italy

Died: 2 May 1519, Château du Clos Lucé, Amboise, France

On view: Ambrosian Library, Louvre Museum, MORE

Periods: High Renaissance, Early renaissance, Renaissance, Italian Renaissance, Florentine painting

Known for: Art (painting, drawing, sculpting), science, engineering, architecture, anatomy

Buried: Chapel of Saint-Hubert, Amboise, France

Question 15

Answer 15

Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.

Born: 7 October 1885, Copenhagen, Denmark

Died: 18 November 1962, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

Education: Copenhagen University (1911), MORE

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Copley Medal, Max Planck Medal,

Question 16

Answer 16

Richard Phillips Feynman was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model

Born: 11 May 1918, Queens, New York, United States

Died: 15 February 1988, Los Angeles, California, United States

Spouse: Gweneth Howarth (m. 1960–1988), Mary Louise Bell (m. 1952–1958), Arline Greenbaum (m. 1942–1945)

Movies: The Challenger, Infinity, Genghis Blues, Anti-Clock, Day One

Question 17

Answer 17

Michael Faraday FRS was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.

Born: 22 September 1791, Newington Butts, London

Died: 25 August 1867, Hampton Court Palace, Molesey

Known for: Faraday’s law of induction, Electrochemistry, MORE

Awards: Copley Medal, Royal Medal, Rumford Medal, Royal Society Bakerian Medal, Albert Medal

Question 18

Answer 18

James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon.

Born: 13 June 1831, Edinburgh

Died: 5 November 1879, Cambridge

Buried: Parton Church, The Church of Scotland, Parton

Education: Trinity College (1850–1854), MORE

Awards: Rumford Medal

Question 19

Answer 19

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered

Born: 8 February 1834, Tobolsk, Russia

Died: 2 February 1907, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Nationality: Russian

Known for: Formulating the Periodic table of chemical elements

Education: Saint Petersburg State University (1855–1856), Saint Petersburg State University (1850–1855), Heidelberg University

Question 20

Answer 20

Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the “father of modern taxonomy”

Born: 23 May 1707, Råshult, Älmhult Municipality, Sweden

Died: 10 January 1778, Uppsala, Sweden

Known for: Binomial nomenclature; Scientific classification; Taxonomy

Education: University of Harderwijk (1735), MORE

Question 21

Answer 21

Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.

Born: 288 BC, Syracuse, Italy

Died: 212 BC, Syracuse, Italy

Full name: Archimedes of Syracuse

Nationality: Greek

Parents: Phidias

Question 22

Answer 22

Antoine Lavoisier

Born: 26 August 1743, Paris, Died: 8 May 1794, Paris

Known for: Combustion; Identified oxygen; Identified hydrogen; Stoichiometry

Discovered: Hydrogen, Carbon, Silicon

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the “father of modern chemistry”.

Question 23

Answer 23

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist. As one of the main founders of modern bacteriology, he identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera…..

Born: 11 December 1843, Kingdom of Hanover

Died: 27 May 1910, Baden-Baden, Germany

Discoveries: Koch’s postulates, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Anthrax bacterium, Asiatic cholera

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Question 24

Answer 24

Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck, ForMemRS was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Born: 23 April 1858, Kiel, Germany

Died: 4 October 1947, Göttingen, Germany

Known for: Planck constant, Planck postulate, Planck’s law, Third law of thermodynamics, Fokker–Planck equation

Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Max Planck Medal, Copley Medal,

Question 25

Answer 25

Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS, HFRSE, LLD, was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics. Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday Born: 30 August 1871, Brightwater, New Zealand Died: 19 October 1937, Cambridge Residence: New Zealand, United Kingdom Discoveries: Rutherford model, Proton, Atomic nucleus, MORE Education: University of Cambridge (1895–1898)

Question 26

Answer 26

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta was an Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. ## Footnote Born: 18 February 1745, Como, Italy Died: 5 March 1827, Camnago Volta, Italy Full name: Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta Education: The University of Pavia Known for: Invention of the electric cell; Discovery of methane; Volt; Voltage; Voltmeter

Question 27

Answer 27

Gregor Johann Mendel was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Born: 20 July 1822, Hynčice, Vražné, Czechia Died: 6 January 1884, Brno, Czechia Full name: Gregor Johann Mendel Known for: Creating the science of genetics Education: Palacký University Olomouc (1840–1843), University of Vienna, Palacký University Olomouc

Question 28

Answer 28

Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current electricity supply system. orn: 10 July 1856, Smiljan, Croatia Died: 7 January 1943, The New Yorker, A Wyndham Hotel, New York, New York, United States The present is theirs; the future, for which I really worked, is mine. The day science begins to study non-physical phenomena, it will make more progress in one decade than in all the previous centuries of its existence. The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane.

Question 29

Answer 29

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek FRS was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. Born: 24 October 1632, Delft, Netherlands Died: 26 August 1723, Delft, Netherlands Nationality: Dutch Books: The Select Works of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek: Containing His Microscopical Discoveries in Many of the Works of Nature

Question 30

Answer 30

John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He is best known for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into color blindness, sometimes referred to as Daltonism in his honour. Born: 6 September 1766, Eaglesfield Died: 27 July 1844, Manchester Known for: Atomic theory, Law of multiple proportions, Dalton's law, Color blindness Awards: Royal Medal

Question 31

Answer 31

Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Born: 28 October 1914, New York, New York, United States Died: 23 June 1995, La Jolla, California, United States Known for: First polio vaccine Education: NYU School of Medicine (1934–1939)

Question 32

Answer 32

Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. Born: 28 February 1901, Portland, Oregon, United States Died: 19 August 1994, Big Sur, California, United States Awards: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Peace Prize, MORE Education: California Institute of Technology (1925), College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Washington High School

Question 33

Answer 33

Ibn Sina, also known as Abu Ali Sina, Pur Sina, and often known in the west as Avicenna was a Persian Muslim polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He has been described as the father of modern medicine. Born: 22 August 980 AD, Afshona, Uzbekistan Died: 21 June 1037, Hamedan, Iran

Question 34

Answer 34

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of existing natural causes in explaining Earth history. Born: 14 November 1797, Kinnordy House Died: 22 February 1875, Harley Street, London Field: Geology Spouse: Mary Horner Lyell (m. 1832–1873) Education: Exeter College, University of Oxford, King's College London

Question 35

Answer 35

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume Mécanique Céleste. Born: 23 March 1749, Beaumont-en-Auge, France Died: 5 March 1827, Paris, France Education: Caen-Normandy University

Question 36

Answer 36

Robert Hooke FRS was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath. Born: 28 July 1635, Freshwater Died: 3 March 1703, London Known for: Hooke's law; Microscopy; Coining the word 'cell' Education: Wadham College, Oxford, Westminster School, Christ Church, University of Oxford Structures: Monument to the Great Fire of London

Question 37

Answer 37

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac OM FRS was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Born: 8 August 1902, Bristol Died: 20 October 1984, Tallahassee, Florida, United States Education: University of Bristol, St John's College, Cambridge, Cotham School

Question 38

Answer 38

Robert Boyle FRS was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. Born: 25 January 1627, Lismore, Ireland Died: 31 December 1691, London Siblings: Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, MORE Discovery: Boyle's law Education: Eton College (1635–1638), University College

Question 39

Answer 39

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. orn: 7 December 1928 (age 90 years), East Oak Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Thesis: Transformational Analysis (1955) Education: University of Pennsylvania

Question 40

Answer 40

George Washington Carver, was an American agricultural scientist and inventor. He actively promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. While a professor at Tuskegee Institute, Carver developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton. Born: 1 January 1864, Diamond, Missouri, United States Died: 5 January 1943, Tuskegee, Alabama, United States Nationality: American Education: Iowa State University (1894–1896

Question 41

Answer 41

Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. Born: 11 February 1847, Milan, Ohio, United States Died: 18 October 1931, West Orange, New Jersey, United States Education: The Cooper Union (1875–1879)

Question 42

Answer 42

Julius Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Born: 22 April 1904, New York, New York, United States Died: 18 February 1967, Princeton, New Jersey, United States Education: Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Harvard University, I am become death, the destroyer of worlds. Any man whose errors take ten years to correct is quite a man. The optimist thinks this is the best of all possible worlds. The pessimist fears it is true.

Question 43

Answer 43

Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology and is regarded as one of the most important astronomers of all time. Born: 20 November 1889, Marshfield, Missouri, United States Died: 28 September 1953, San Marino, California, United States

Question 44

Answer 44

William Harvey was an English physician who made seminal contributions in anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, the systemic circulation and ... Born: 1 April 1578, Folkestone Died: 3 June 1657, Roehampton, London Education: Royal College of Physicians All we know is still infinitely less than all that remains unknown. I profess both to learn and to teach anatomy, not from books but from dissections; not from positions of philosophers but from the fabric of nature. There is a lust in man no charm can tame: Of loudly publishing his neighbor's shame: On eagles wings immortal scandals fly, while virtuous actions are born and die.

Question 45

Answer 45

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath. Born: 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary Died: 8 February 1957, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda Nationality: Hungarian, American Education: Eötvös Loránd University, ETH Zürich, Fasori Gimnázium Young man, in mathematics you don't understand things. You just get used to them. There's no sense in being precise when you don't even know what you're talking about. Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.

Question 46

Answer 46

Edward Jenner, FRS FRCPE was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. Born: 17 May 1749, Berkeley Died: 26 January 1823, Berkeley Nationality: English Residence: Berkeley, Gloucestershire Education: University of St Andrews (1792), St George's, University of London (1770–1774)

Question 47

Answer 47

Alfred Lothar Wegener was a German polar researcher, geophysicist and meteorologist. During his lifetime he was primarily known for his achievements in meteorology and as a pioneer of polar research, continental drift. Born: 1 November 1880, Berlin, Germany Died: November 1930, Clarinetania, Greenland Education: Humboldt University of Berlin (1905) Known for: Continental drift Books: The Origin of Continents and Oceans