Scientists Flashcards
Leonardo da Vinci
gay artist and engineer
- 1st detailed of urinary tract and sexual organs
- 1st known drawing of human embryo
- 1st to study geology: 1st theory of sedimentary rock
- prolific inventor: helicopter design, robot
Paracelsus
FATHER OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
- big advocate of medical remedies: pharmacy is future of medicine
- invented catalogue of medical remedies
Andreas Vesalius
FATHER OF MODERN ANATOMY
- wrote most detailed anatomical book of his time De Humani Corporis Fabrica
- 1st real accurate anatomy leading to accurate physiology
Nicholaus Copernicus
FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
- 1st to see lunar eclipse and formulate theories based on DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- wrote his theories on Comentariolis and On Heavenly Spheres
- first major split between theology and science
- worked 7 point model of cosmology
William Gilbert
MAGNETISM
- royal physician to Queen Elizabeth
- 1st significant scientific work done in England
- realized the Earth is magnetic to explain working of compass
- 1st experimental scientist of the West- experiments prove validity
Sir Francis Bacon
1st argument for SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- felt inductive reasoning was best- specific to general
- killed by his own experiment- stopped in snow and caught pneumonia
- thought to be “ghostly “ writer for Shakespeare plays
Tycho Brahe
fake nose; MOST RENOUNCED ASTROLOGER OF HIS TIME
- found 1st scientific institution of the west
- wrote De Stella Nova- heavens were not perfect and created Tychonic model- earth center sun orbits it and planets orbit sun
Johannes Kepler
performed horoscopes for the rich
- 1st defense of Copernicus: Cosmic Mystery
- laid foundation of modern optics/astronomy
- proposed 1st 2 laws of planetary motion : elliptical orbits have equal arcs of movement; square of 2 planets proportional to cubes of sun
- sun center of universe, elliptical orbits
- wrote Dream of Moon- 1st science fiction work of time
Galileo Galilie
1ST MODERN SCIENTIST OF THE WEST
- 1st to state law of acceleration
- 1st to study Inertia in west
- 1st to study frequency of sound
- observed Jupiter’s red spots, Saturn’s rings, Venus’ phases, Moons craters
- condemned by Church for his theories and works defending Copernicus
- invented early thermometer
William Harvey
FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY
- royal physician of King Charles I
- performed dissections, vivisections, and circulatory experiments to determine function of heart and anatomy
- understood heart function pumped blood in a circle/loop pathway
- believed blood transferred vital heart
Rene Descartes
FATHER OF MODERN RATIONALISM
- set foundation of calculus and precalculus
- did wax experiment to prove a set of principles are used to describe things
- famous for “I think, therefore I am”
- Cartesian coordinate
Robert Boyle
LAST ALCHEMIST OF HIS AGE, 1st TRUE CHEMIST
- FAHTER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY
- created Invisible College
- wrote Skeptical Chemist-criticizing alchemy of the time
- built 1st known vacuum chamber
Margaret Cavendish
- duchess of New Castle
- 1ST WOMEN TO PUBLISH SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT
- primarily wrote critiques of science at the time
- 1st to state human beings were animals
J.J. Buchner
CREATED THEORY OF COMBUSTION
- said matter contains terra piniguis=flammable Earth that made fire
Giovanni Borelli
1st to suggest comets parabolic flow of paths
- 1st to say the force that holds earth around the sun is the same force that holds Jupiter’s moons around Jupiter only
- wrote a foundations book of kinesiology De Motum Animalium
- 1st to propose mathematical explanation of motion
Antonie ven Leewenhoek
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 1st to describe protest and bacteria-spermatozoa
- 1st to observe banding muscles, capillaries, RED BLOOD CELLS
- believed life arose form other life
Nicholas Steno
FATHER OF EARTH SCIENCES: geology, archeology, and paleontology
- studied sharks tooth and rock layers concluding dead organisms burry under soot
- introduced Original Horizontality principle and Law of Superposition
Gottfried Leibnitz
Math led to Physics
- developed Bullion algebra
- 1st to discover linear matrix
- developed Law of Conservation of Mass Vis Viva
- made distinction between subconscious and conscious mind
- INVENTOR OF CALCULUS- wrote 1st mathematical paper; but Newton’s friend influence the Royal society otherwise
Christian Huygens
formulated Newtons second law of motion
- 1st description of centrifugal force and similarity to gravity
- invented pendulum clock and pocket watch
- wrote a book with Romer of Lights
- herald of modern physics: gave others tools to build it up
Robert Hooke
Boyle’s hands for experiments;
- Curator of Experiments for Royal Society
- Created a vacuum that allowed Boyle to create Boyle’s Law
- Created Elasticity Law
- Suggested fossils were once living things and land changed over time
- FATHER OF MODERN CELL THEORY
- Did extensive study of function and workings of microscope
- Did extensive study on how gravity worked and law of motion, but Newton took the credit for it
Sir Isaac Newton
MOST INFLUENTIAL SCHOLAR OF HIS AGE
- mathematical view of universe still used today
- researched every math topic known at the time to work out calculus, gravity, and motion
- created ROYGBIV in correspondence with 7 colors and 7 musical notes
- introduced complete theory of reflection and refraction
- built 1st reflective telescope using mirrors not lenses
- said gravity was a UNIVERSAL FORCE
- worked on many things privately due to being accused of stealing others works
- established 3 basic laws of motion: inertia, acceleration, reciprocal action
- used these to set theory of motion and set physics as its own subject
Sir Edmond Halley
BRILLIANT ASTRONOMER;
- worked as Flamsteed’s assistant
- 1st published study of Monsoons
- 1st to attempt to calculate size of atom
- captain of Paramore Vessel
- created 7 Earths theory
Rev. John Flamsteed
Astronomer Royal
- formulated lunar theory
- updated Tycho Catalogue
- publicly burned 300 books
- made earliest known citing of Uranus
Stephen Gray
- Newton blocked his success because he was apprentice to Flamsteed
- said any object can generate a static force and it can be transferred to other objects
- insulated wire carried a current more efficiently
- most famous experiment: Flying Boy Experiment for power of static
- recognized +/- charges as fluids
Archbishop James Usher
published book Animals of the Old Testament Deduced from Origins of the World
-attempted to calculate age of Earth based on genealogy of Bible: Oct. 23, 4004 BCE
John Ray/Francis Willughby
- FATHERS OF FIELD STUDY- observed organisms in natural habitat
- Published 3 volume encyclopedia called History of Plants, Ornithology, and History of Fishes
Carolus Linnaeus
FATHER OF TAXONOMY
- used sexual parts of plants to organize them
- laid out his system in Systema Naturae
- classified over 4400 species of animals and 7700 species of plants
- introduced terms Mammalia, Homo, Sapiens, primates
- first to provide systematical organization with humans not at the top!
- Divided humans into 4 different racial groups
Dr. Edward Tyson
FIRST PHYSICIAN TO EMPLOY FEMALE NURSES
- researched comparative anatomy and dissected exotic animals
- dissected chimpanzee and noticed 20 point of similarity between humans and believed both were designed form same blueprint
George Buffon
SINGLE BEST KNOWN NATURAL HISTORIAN
- liked to perform public demonstrations
- published Natural History and General Particular: most comprehensive work on science ever written
- credited for biogeography
- 1st to say planet is chunk of sun not as a result form Great Flood
Erasmus Darwin
translated works of Linnaeus to English
- introduced evolutionary theories influencing Lamarck and Charles
- 1st to suggest all origin is from single ancestral organism
- wrote poem for Big Bang
Sir Charles Lyell
1st scientist to support himself on books
- 1st known geological study of Mt. Etna and Niagara
- 1st geological proof the world is older than 6000 yrs old
- 1st to devise time periods based on fossils
- introduced Salvationism
Jean Baptiste Lamark
FIRST TO OFFER SYSTEMATIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION IN THE WEST
- 1st scholar in biological science- coined name biology for study of life
- introduced transmutation
- made 1st in depth classification of invertebrate life
- published System of Invertebrate Animals and Zoologique
George Cuvier
FATHER OF PALEONTOLOGY; superstar in biology
- 1st systematic study of mammoth
- 1st scholar to talk about age of reptiles
- evolution was series of multiple catastrophic events
Charles Darwin
MOST INFLUENTIAL NATURALIST; single scientist changed the world we live in today
- Natural Selection and Descent with Modification
- published On the Origin of Species and Descent of Man and Selection
Alfred Russell Wallace
backed up Darwin’s descent with modification theory
-was given join-authorship credit for Natural Selection theory
Dr. Benjamin Franklin
secret name Mr. Silence Do Good
- a part of Royal Society and Lunar Society
- found 1st public library, map of gold stream, and American Philosophical Society
- ELECTRICITY- realized static phenomena
- Originated law of conservation of charge
Henry Cavendish
terrified of women; FAMOUS EXPERIMENT to determine Earth’s density- Gravitation Constant
- discovered Gravitation Constant
- discovered Omen’s Law, Charles Gas Law, Dalton Partial Pressure Law
James Watt
- industrialized the world
- 1st steam engine
- Watts engine- made modern factory, steamboat, and locomotion possible
Alessandro Volta
discovered Law of Electromotive Force/Series
- invented the BATTERY: stored current for electricians
- made Industrial Revolution greater!
Luigi Galvani
discovered electro-muscular bio electricity through a frog
-electricity was motivating power of NRG of life=VITALISM
John Prietsly
summarized all electrical studies done till that time in a book
- discovered electrical currents could split compounds
- discovered HCL, NO, SO2, NO2, O
- furthered the theory of photosynthesis through discover of O
Mikhail Lomonosov
founded 1st chemistry lab
- 1st to freeze mercury
- 1st to suggest heat is a form of motion
- 1st study of glaciers and icebergs- discovered Antartica
- FATHER OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Benjamin Thompson (Count Rutherford)
FATHER OF THERMODYNAMICS
- invented the fireplace
- figured out heat was form of molecular motion (transfer of NRG)
- found the Royal Institute
Antonie-Laurente de Lavoisier
FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY; 1st chemistry text
- discovered respiration is a slow form of combustion in pig experiment
- FATHER OF STOICHIOMETRY- measuring of materials
- Invented metric system
John Dalton
- first formal description of color blindness
- Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- published A New System of Chemical Philosophy
Sir Humphrey Davy
-1st paid scientist
-last scientist to hold no credentials
-revolutionized surgery-Nitride Oxide
recognized difference between acids and bases
-addicted to laughing gas-GOT HIGH
Dmitri Mendelev
- wrote Principles of Chemistry
- 1st Periodic Table
- beginning of atomic theory
Thomas Young
last known polymath; fluent in 76 languages
- studied the lens of eyes intensely
- famous for proving Newton’s theory wrong: DOUBLE-SPLIT EXPERIMENT- light behaves as a wave, not a particle
Michael Faraday
- created electromagnetic node
- 1st to liquify gas
- discovered mutual induction
- created Dynamo=Generator
- 1st version of Bunsen burner
James Clerk Maxwell
-1st color photograph
-1st to work out light as electromagnetic force
-1st determine speed of light
Maxwell’s Equations and Theory of Gas
Charles Babbage
FATHER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
- created Difference Engine- machine to work out polynomial functions
- worked on Analytical Engine-punch chard
Ada Lovelace
EUROPE’S MOST BRILLIANT MATHEMATICIAN
-wrote first computer program and Babbage’s punch card
Gregor Mendel
FATHER OF MODERN GENETICS
-derived basic principles of inheritance
Albert Einstein
FATHER OF MODERN PHYSICS AND THEORY OF RELATIVITY
-
