Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Natural Science > Scientififc Method, Matter, Biodiversity > Flashcards

Scientififc Method, Matter, Biodiversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A statement
Educated guess in answer to question that been asked and can be tested in experimental situation.
Eg
Question: are left handed people more creative than right handed people
Hypothesis: left handed people are as creative as right handed people
NB: it doesn’t matter if it is wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the scientific process

A

Make OBSERVATION
Ask QUESTION about observation
Work out HYPOTHESIS
PREDICT what you think will happen if the hypothesis is right
Design and carry out EXPERIMENT
RECORD RESULTS from experiment
Draw CONCLUSION from results of experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the aim

A

In the experiment, what are you trying to prove
Write down ‘to determine whether….’
Eg
To determine whether left handed people are more creative than right handed people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In your method what do you do

A

Don’t use personal pronouns
Write in passed tense
Say how you collected the data eg measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to write your scientific investigation

A

Aim
States purpose of investigation
Apparatus
Give list or diagram of equipment and materials used in investigation
Method
Lists steps used in experiment. Includes how made tests fair (variables changed and controlled) what measured and how
Results and discussion
Record what you observed or measured. Called data, can be words or numbers. Data represented in table, graph or pictures to make it easier to read. Interpret data - explain what results mean
Conclusion
Refer to aim and answer questions asked in beginning. If cant, need to redesign investigation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do tables need and how do you do them

A

Needs brief heading at top to describe info
Draw using sharp pencil and ruler
Info on table in pen
Look at data, determine type of table needed
Ask questions have focus
Eg how many books compared to CDs do teenagers own.
Focus is on the number of books and CDs not teenagers
FOCUS AT AT TOP OF TABLE
Might split teens into age groups but still not focus, they go down side of table
Label your axes of graph in pen and include unit of measurement
Don’t use color unless asked
Make sure not too small
Make sure you know if they asked you to do a line or bar graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where don’t the units go

A

In the body of the table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do we put results in a graph form

A

Helpful way of representing info in visual way

Graphs visual representation of data collected during scientific investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the types of graphs

A

Bar graph
Histogram
Line graph
Pie chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are axes used for

A

Two axes used to show result of experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two axes and what do they represent

A

X axes
Horizontal Axes Represents INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. Condition set by experimenter i.e. input which decided by experimenter, different types of cars drive down fields hill in one hour.

Y axes
Vertical Axes Represents result of experiment. This is DEPENDENT VARIABLE i.e. output which depends on condition, 10 BMW and 5 Toyota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to do a Line graph

A

Labels go directly below or next to
Data plotted using small neat dot at intersection of two values ( like coordinates on grid ) cant guess
Points joined using smooth thin neat connecting trend line drawn in pencil. Be drawn using ruler unless line best fit passes through origin. I.e. Though zero

Shows relationship between 2 variables where independent variable continuos, values be ordered into no.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a bar graph represent

A

Used represent unrelated data eg no BMWs has no relationship or influence on no. Of Toyotas going down fields hill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you do one

A

Bars always separated from each other by equal sized gap.

Each bar the same width

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you do a pie graph

A

Draw circle, 360 degrees represents 100%
Convert data to percentages
Convert percentages into degrees of circle by x360
Eg 2/100 x 360 = 7.2
All angles add up to 360
Use protractor and ruler, draw sectors. Start with smallest at X axis position
Label or color in each sector and provide key
Give pie graph a title

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are controlled variables

A

Part of investigation and if done properly makes results get true reflection and accurate representation of test performed
Proper investigation - only test 1 variable at time - called independent variable. Decided by you. During experiment set results - called dependent variable be collected and will only be valid if other factors could influence results been controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are independent variables

A

Equal number up the one that changes

On x axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

Different numbers the measured results

On y axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is biodiversity

A

Short for biological diversity
Number and variety of organisms (plant and animals i.e fauna and flora) found within specific geographic region/natural environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How should biological drawings be done

A

Done in sharp HB pencil
No shading/colour
Draw what you see!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How should labels lines be done

A 
In pencil
Drawn on right of diagram
Ruled parallel
Never cross one another
Accurate
Don't use arrow heads
Finish under each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How should the labels be done

A

Be in ink
Lowercase and legible
Arranged one below each other - never inside drawing
Spelt correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What should the title or heading be

A

Informative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What must a scale be

A

Always shown

Eg x2 twice life size or x0.5 half life size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why should we protect our biodiversity

A 
Livelihood of us relies on eco system
Source of wealth for people
Wont see all species cos endangered
Important for food, clothing and water
Prevents natural disasters
Job creation - eco tourism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does endemic mean

A

Existing only in this area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Maputoland Pondoland Albany called

A

A biological hotspot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What percentage of the worlds known bird, fish, plant species does SA have

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What percentage of mammals and reptiles does SA have

A

6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What percentage of SAs forests are in this area

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is in the 1st trophic of the soil food web

A

Photosynthesizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is in the second trophic

A 
Decomposers
Mutualists
Parasites
Root feeders
Pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is in the third trophic

A

Shredders
Predators
Grazers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is in the fourth trophic

A

Higher level predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is in the fifth and higher trophic

A

Higher level predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do health experts acknowledge

A

Herbs and traditional remedies can play important role in promoting health and wellness - often 1st defense against illness and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does 80% of rural population in Africa depend on

A

Depends on harvest from wild and 80% relies on primary healthcare based on traditional medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do many pharmaceuticals have origins from and where do they draw their experience from

A

Had origins in a natural in natural product

Draw from experience of healers and herbalists through ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How have zulu traditional medicines (muthi) changed

A

They have changed very little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are herbalists called and what are they concerned about and how do they come to do it

A

Inyanga concerned with medicines made from plants and animals
Acquired knowledge knowledge through apprenticeship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are witch doctors called and what do they do and how do they come to do it

A

Isangoma contact with ancestral spirits and prescribes muthi according to their disease
They are sacredly called to it

41
Q

What are diviners and what they capable of doing

A

Isanusi capable of smelling sorcerers and evil doers

42
Q

How much of KzN rely on traditional medicines

A

Two thirds rely on traditional medicine

43
Q

How many species of plants are sold and where are they sold

A

450 species and they are sold in large volumes at markets

44
Q

What does intensive harvesting of wild plants do to our biodiversity and what is happening to the demand for plants used in indigenous medicines

A

Threatens our biodiversity

The demand exceeds the supply and as a result some are now extinct

45
Q

What is sustainable development

A

Term used to describe the need to find a balance between providing needs of people without using up resources that will be needed in the future.

46
Q

What are the millennium development goals and what are the ones we learn about

A

Sept. 2000, 189 world leaders met at UN, agreed on roadmap setting out measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

  1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. Ensure environmental sustainability
47
Q

What is food security

A

Means that all people have access at all times to food they need for a healthy and active life

48
Q

How is the agriculture process the best safety net at all times to food they need for a healthy and active life

A

By using land to grow crops and rearing animals to provide food

49
Q

What percentage of total land in SA is used for agriculture

A

87% of total land

50
Q

What are the 4 main resources farmers depend on

A

Water
Soil
Sunlight
Air (Oxygen)

51
Q

What is the process by which soil is made

A

This process is continuous

52
Q

How long does it take to produce a small amount of time

A

Enormous amount of time

53
Q

What is the process of weathering

A

Breaking up rocks by water, wind or ice and decay ( decomposition of dead plants and animals and wastes ) over thousands years, soil formed

54
Q

Weathering is broken up into three sections, what are they and explain them

A 
Chemical
Action of acids breaking down rocks
Physical
Temperature changes wind and water
Biological
Roots break up rocks and burrowing
55
Q

What does the best kind of soil for plant growth have a good balance of

A

Organic particles: humus ( decaying dead plants and animals ) living organisms ( micro and macro )

Inorganic particles: mixture of different size particles of sand, silt or clay. Air space ( pores ) between soil particles. Water. ( from forms of precipitation ) minerals ( plant ‘food’ )

56
Q

What is the organic material or humus referred to and what foes it do

A

Referred to as glue as it binds soil particles together and plays and important part in preventing soil erosion.
Humus also affects infiltration capacity of soil, reduces water runoff.
Organic matter main source of energy for soil organisms eg bacteria and worms

57
Q

What does infiltration mean

A

Water on the ground enters the soil

58
Q

How is soil made

A

Soil
Humus. Weathered rocks
Organic components. Inorganic components
⏬. ⏬
Bacteria. Wind, water
Fungus. Temp changes
⏬ Roots and chemicals
Decay. ⏬
⏬ Weather
Plants and animals. ⏬
Rocks

59
Q

What are the size of the particles

A

Sand. Silt. Clay.
Largest. Mid size. Smallest
Visible to eye Microscope to see. Will microscope

60
Q

How big are the spaces between particles

A

Sand
Large spaces, allow water slip through

Silt
Smaller, hold water and nutrients fairly well

Clay
Spaces very small and trap water

61
Q

What happens when the particles are wet

A

Sand
Loose, gritty and rough

Silt
Smooth slightly sticky

Clay
Smooth, slightly sticky like glue

62
Q

What happens when it is dry

A

Sand
Particles loose

Silt
Feels like baby powder

Clay
Hard like cement and cracks

63
Q

Where would you find it

A

Sand
Beach side

Silt
Along a river bank

Clay
Bottom of a river

64
Q

Can it hold water and nutrients

A

Sand
Lots of room air and water and nutrients slip through particles beyond plants reach

Silt
Smaller particles hold water and nutrients better then sand

Clay
Lots of water not much room for air. Plants in clay suffocate.

65
Q

Plants growing in it might

A

Sand
Not enough water and begin to wilt

Silt
Better access to nutrients than soil

Clay
Fell like growing in cement preventing roots to access nutrients.

66
Q

What do these words mean
Waterlogged
Retention

A

Soil too thick and water cant run through it, water gets stuck and cant hold any more
Hold most

67
Q

Which would have a higher water retention

A

Clay because spaces are very small and trap water.

68
Q

Which would have more air between sand or loamy soil

A

Sand because large spaces don’t pack together as tightly

69
Q

What does an earthworm do to the soil

A

Aerate the soil by burrowing. Eat fallen leaves and bits of soil which are then digested and as worm casts - nutrient rich. Improve texture of soil

70
Q

What does a dung beetle do to the soil

A

Feed on dung. Bury dung which decomposes and adds nutrients to the soil

71
Q

What does bacteria (microorganisms) do to the soil

A

Decomposers - break down dead organic matter - adds nutrients. Fixes nitrogen which is important to plants

72
Q

What does fungi (microorganisms) do to the soil

A

Decomposers - breakdown dead organic matter which adds nutrients to soil

73
Q

What do termites and ants do to the soil

A

Feed on fungi and humus - incorporate nutrients into soil and modify soil texture and structure tunnels.

74
Q

What causes soil erosion

A 
Over grazing 
Fencing
Overstocked farms
Animals trample soil
Boreholes and windmills
Wind and water
75
Q

What is the amount of non living things influenced by

A

Speed, the faster moves, more soil can erode

76
Q

How do plants prevent soil erosion

A

Provide cover on land and prevent soil erosion - plants
They slow down water as it flows over land ( runoff ) allows much of rain to soak into the ground
Plants roots hold soil in position and prevent being washed away
Break impact of rain drop before hits ground, reducing ability to erode
Plants in wetlands on banks of river of particular importance as slow down flow of water and roots bind soil, preventing erosion.

77
Q

What other things prevent soil erosion

A

Contour ploughing - latitude
Windbreaks - trees
Unploughed grass strips between ploughed land ( strip cropping )
Make sure always plants growing in soil
Make sure soil rich in humus
Avoid overgrazing
Allow indigenous plants to grow along river banks
Conserve wetlands
Ensure fertility using crop rotation
Minimum or no tillage - ploughing
Encourage water infiltration and reduce water runoff with mulching - cover soil with leaves, pebbles etc.

78
Q

What is the world made up of

A

Minerals of all kinds

79
Q

What is matter

A

Matter is everything that takes up space and has a mass.
All things we can feel, see and smell in daily lives is matter
Stuff all around us

80
Q

What is the study of matter called

A

Chemistry

81
Q

What is matter made up of

A

Tiny particles called atoms and molecules

82
Q

What are the particles in matter constantly doing

A

They are in constant motion

83
Q

What affects the speed of particles

A

Temperature effects the speed of the particles

Higher temps, faster the speed of the particles

84
Q

What is the Brownian Motion

A

Random Movement of particles due to kinetic energy

85
Q

What are the three phases of matter and what do they depend on

A

Solid, liquid and gas

Phase depends on how much energy substance contains.

86
Q

What energy can change the phase of the matter

A

Heat energy

Eg can change phase by heating or cooling matter.

87
Q

What is energy

A

Energy enables person/object to do something. Because of energy objects move, make sounds, give out light and get warmer or cooler.

88
Q

Tell me about a solid

A 
Small amount of energy
Vibrate in fixed position  
Very close together
Not easily compressed
Hold shape
Fixed position
89
Q

Tell me about liquids

A 
Some energy
Move more than solids, slide over each other
Close together
Not easily compressed
Takes shape of container
Free surface
Fixed volume
90
Q

Tell me about a gas

A 
Lots of energy
Move very fast
Particles far apart
Can be compressed
Shape of container
Volume of container
91
Q

Movement of particles depend on

A

Amount of energy and temperature

92
Q

What is the phase change from a solid to a liquid and backwards

A

Melting

Feezing

93
Q

What are the phase changes from a liquid to a gas

A

Boiling - bubbles - faster

Evaporating - slower

94
Q

How do you transfer heat

A

Can only transfer heat energy not cold

97
Q

What happens when something is heated

A

Molecules don’t expand, spaces in between grow bigger

98
Q

What is cold

A

Absence of heat

99
Q 
Definitions
Melting
Boiling
Evaporation
Condensation
Freezing ( solidification )
A

Change in phase from solid - liquid by addition of heat energy
Change in phase from liquid to gas by addition of heat ( throughout liquid )
Change in phase from liquid to vapor at temp below boiling. Takes place at surface of liquid, where molecules with highest kinetic energy are able to escape
Change phase from liquid to solid as heat energy is removed
Change in phase from liquid to solid as heat energy is removed

99
Q

What is sublimation

A

Means to change directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase

99
Q

What is dry ice

A

Carbon Dioxide frozen

Natural Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions