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Natural Science > Scientififc Method, Matter, Biodiversity > Flashcards

Scientififc Method, Matter, Biodiversity Flashcards

0
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A statement
Educated guess in answer to question that been asked and can be tested in experimental situation.
Eg
Question: are left handed people more creative than right handed people
Hypothesis: left handed people are as creative as right handed people
NB: it doesn’t matter if it is wrong

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1
Q

What is the scientific process

A

Make OBSERVATION
Ask QUESTION about observation
Work out HYPOTHESIS
PREDICT what you think will happen if the hypothesis is right
Design and carry out EXPERIMENT
RECORD RESULTS from experiment
Draw CONCLUSION from results of experiment

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2
Q

What is the aim

A

In the experiment, what are you trying to prove
Write down ‘to determine whether….’
Eg
To determine whether left handed people are more creative than right handed people

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3
Q

In your method what do you do

A

Don’t use personal pronouns
Write in passed tense
Say how you collected the data eg measured

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4
Q

How to write your scientific investigation

A

Aim
States purpose of investigation
Apparatus
Give list or diagram of equipment and materials used in investigation
Method
Lists steps used in experiment. Includes how made tests fair (variables changed and controlled) what measured and how
Results and discussion
Record what you observed or measured. Called data, can be words or numbers. Data represented in table, graph or pictures to make it easier to read. Interpret data - explain what results mean
Conclusion
Refer to aim and answer questions asked in beginning. If cant, need to redesign investigation.

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5
Q

What do tables need and how do you do them

A

Needs brief heading at top to describe info
Draw using sharp pencil and ruler
Info on table in pen
Look at data, determine type of table needed
Ask questions have focus
Eg how many books compared to CDs do teenagers own.
Focus is on the number of books and CDs not teenagers
FOCUS AT AT TOP OF TABLE
Might split teens into age groups but still not focus, they go down side of table
Label your axes of graph in pen and include unit of measurement
Don’t use color unless asked
Make sure not too small
Make sure you know if they asked you to do a line or bar graph

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6
Q

Where don’t the units go

A

In the body of the table

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7
Q

Why do we put results in a graph form

A

Helpful way of representing info in visual way

Graphs visual representation of data collected during scientific investigation

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8
Q

What are the types of graphs

A

Bar graph
Histogram
Line graph
Pie chart

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9
Q

What are axes used for

A

Two axes used to show result of experiment

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10
Q

What are the two axes and what do they represent

A

X axes
Horizontal Axes Represents INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. Condition set by experimenter i.e. input which decided by experimenter, different types of cars drive down fields hill in one hour.

Y axes
Vertical Axes Represents result of experiment. This is DEPENDENT VARIABLE i.e. output which depends on condition, 10 BMW and 5 Toyota

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11
Q

How to do a Line graph

A

Labels go directly below or next to
Data plotted using small neat dot at intersection of two values ( like coordinates on grid ) cant guess
Points joined using smooth thin neat connecting trend line drawn in pencil. Be drawn using ruler unless line best fit passes through origin. I.e. Though zero

Shows relationship between 2 variables where independent variable continuos, values be ordered into no.

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12
Q

What does a bar graph represent

A

Used represent unrelated data eg no BMWs has no relationship or influence on no. Of Toyotas going down fields hill

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13
Q

How do you do one

A

Bars always separated from each other by equal sized gap.

Each bar the same width

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14
Q

How do you do a pie graph

A

Draw circle, 360 degrees represents 100%
Convert data to percentages
Convert percentages into degrees of circle by x360
Eg 2/100 x 360 = 7.2
All angles add up to 360
Use protractor and ruler, draw sectors. Start with smallest at X axis position
Label or color in each sector and provide key
Give pie graph a title

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15
Q

What are controlled variables

A

Part of investigation and if done properly makes results get true reflection and accurate representation of test performed
Proper investigation - only test 1 variable at time - called independent variable. Decided by you. During experiment set results - called dependent variable be collected and will only be valid if other factors could influence results been controlled

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16
Q

What are independent variables

A

Equal number up the one that changes

On x axis

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17
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

Different numbers the measured results

On y axis

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18
Q

What is biodiversity

A

Short for biological diversity
Number and variety of organisms (plant and animals i.e fauna and flora) found within specific geographic region/natural environment.

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19
Q

How should biological drawings be done

A

Done in sharp HB pencil
No shading/colour
Draw what you see!!!!!

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20
Q

How should labels lines be done

A 
In pencil
Drawn on right of diagram
Ruled parallel
Never cross one another
Accurate
Don't use arrow heads
Finish under each other
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21
Q

How should the labels be done

A

Be in ink
Lowercase and legible
Arranged one below each other - never inside drawing
Spelt correctly

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22
Q

What should the title or heading be

A

Informative

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23
Q

What must a scale be

A

Always shown

Eg x2 twice life size or x0.5 half life size

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24
Why should we protect our biodiversity
``` Livelihood of us relies on eco system Source of wealth for people Wont see all species cos endangered Important for food, clothing and water Prevents natural disasters Job creation - eco tourism ```
25
What does endemic mean
Existing only in this area
26
What is the Maputoland Pondoland Albany called
A biological hotspot
27
What percentage of the worlds known bird, fish, plant species does SA have
10%
28
What percentage of mammals and reptiles does SA have
6%
29
What percentage of SAs forests are in this area
80%
30
What is in the 1st trophic of the soil food web
Photosynthesizers
31
What is in the second trophic
``` Decomposers Mutualists Parasites Root feeders Pathogens ```
32
What is in the third trophic
Shredders Predators Grazers
33
What is in the fourth trophic
Higher level predators
34
What is in the fifth and higher trophic
Higher level predators
35
What do health experts acknowledge
Herbs and traditional remedies can play important role in promoting health and wellness - often 1st defense against illness and disease
36
What does 80% of rural population in Africa depend on
Depends on harvest from wild and 80% relies on primary healthcare based on traditional medicine
37
What do many pharmaceuticals have origins from and where do they draw their experience from
Had origins in a natural in natural product | Draw from experience of healers and herbalists through ages
38
How have zulu traditional medicines (muthi) changed
They have changed very little
39
What are herbalists called and what are they concerned about and how do they come to do it
Inyanga concerned with medicines made from plants and animals Acquired knowledge knowledge through apprenticeship
40
What are witch doctors called and what do they do and how do they come to do it
Isangoma contact with ancestral spirits and prescribes muthi according to their disease They are sacredly called to it
41
What are diviners and what they capable of doing
Isanusi capable of smelling sorcerers and evil doers
42
How much of KzN rely on traditional medicines
Two thirds rely on traditional medicine
43
How many species of plants are sold and where are they sold
450 species and they are sold in large volumes at markets
44
What does intensive harvesting of wild plants do to our biodiversity and what is happening to the demand for plants used in indigenous medicines
Threatens our biodiversity | The demand exceeds the supply and as a result some are now extinct
45
What is sustainable development
Term used to describe the need to find a balance between providing needs of people without using up resources that will be needed in the future.
46
What are the millennium development goals and what are the ones we learn about
Sept. 2000, 189 world leaders met at UN, agreed on roadmap setting out measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
47
What is food security
Means that all people have access at all times to food they need for a healthy and active life
48
How is the agriculture process the best safety net at all times to food they need for a healthy and active life
By using land to grow crops and rearing animals to provide food
49
What percentage of total land in SA is used for agriculture
87% of total land
50
What are the 4 main resources farmers depend on
Water Soil Sunlight Air (Oxygen)
51
What is the process by which soil is made
This process is continuous
52
How long does it take to produce a small amount of time
Enormous amount of time
53
What is the process of weathering
Breaking up rocks by water, wind or ice and decay ( decomposition of dead plants and animals and wastes ) over thousands years, soil formed
54
Weathering is broken up into three sections, what are they and explain them
``` Chemical Action of acids breaking down rocks Physical Temperature changes wind and water Biological Roots break up rocks and burrowing ```
55
What does the best kind of soil for plant growth have a good balance of
Organic particles: humus ( decaying dead plants and animals ) living organisms ( micro and macro ) Inorganic particles: mixture of different size particles of sand, silt or clay. Air space ( pores ) between soil particles. Water. ( from forms of precipitation ) minerals ( plant 'food' )
56
What is the organic material or humus referred to and what foes it do
Referred to as glue as it binds soil particles together and plays and important part in preventing soil erosion. Humus also affects infiltration capacity of soil, reduces water runoff. Organic matter main source of energy for soil organisms eg bacteria and worms
57
What does infiltration mean
Water on the ground enters the soil
58
How is soil made
Soil Humus. Weathered rocks Organic components. Inorganic components ⏬. ⏬ Bacteria. Wind, water Fungus. Temp changes ⏬ Roots and chemicals Decay. ⏬ ⏬ Weather Plants and animals. ⏬ Rocks
59
What are the size of the particles
Sand. Silt. Clay. Largest. Mid size. Smallest Visible to eye Microscope to see. Will microscope
60
How big are the spaces between particles
Sand Large spaces, allow water slip through Silt Smaller, hold water and nutrients fairly well Clay Spaces very small and trap water
61
What happens when the particles are wet
Sand Loose, gritty and rough Silt Smooth slightly sticky Clay Smooth, slightly sticky like glue
62
What happens when it is dry
Sand Particles loose Silt Feels like baby powder Clay Hard like cement and cracks
63
Where would you find it
Sand Beach side Silt Along a river bank Clay Bottom of a river
64
Can it hold water and nutrients
Sand Lots of room air and water and nutrients slip through particles beyond plants reach Silt Smaller particles hold water and nutrients better then sand Clay Lots of water not much room for air. Plants in clay suffocate.
65
Plants growing in it might
Sand Not enough water and begin to wilt Silt Better access to nutrients than soil Clay Fell like growing in cement preventing roots to access nutrients.
66
What do these words mean Waterlogged Retention
Soil too thick and water cant run through it, water gets stuck and cant hold any more Hold most
67
Which would have a higher water retention
Clay because spaces are very small and trap water.
68
Which would have more air between sand or loamy soil
Sand because large spaces don't pack together as tightly
69
What does an earthworm do to the soil
Aerate the soil by burrowing. Eat fallen leaves and bits of soil which are then digested and as worm casts - nutrient rich. Improve texture of soil
70
What does a dung beetle do to the soil
Feed on dung. Bury dung which decomposes and adds nutrients to the soil
71
What does bacteria (microorganisms) do to the soil
Decomposers - break down dead organic matter - adds nutrients. Fixes nitrogen which is important to plants
72
What does fungi (microorganisms) do to the soil
Decomposers - breakdown dead organic matter which adds nutrients to soil
73
What do termites and ants do to the soil
Feed on fungi and humus - incorporate nutrients into soil and modify soil texture and structure tunnels.
74
What causes soil erosion
``` Over grazing Fencing Overstocked farms Animals trample soil Boreholes and windmills Wind and water ```
75
What is the amount of non living things influenced by
Speed, the faster moves, more soil can erode
76
How do plants prevent soil erosion
Provide cover on land and prevent soil erosion - plants They slow down water as it flows over land ( runoff ) allows much of rain to soak into the ground Plants roots hold soil in position and prevent being washed away Break impact of rain drop before hits ground, reducing ability to erode Plants in wetlands on banks of river of particular importance as slow down flow of water and roots bind soil, preventing erosion.
77
What other things prevent soil erosion
Contour ploughing - latitude Windbreaks - trees Unploughed grass strips between ploughed land ( strip cropping ) Make sure always plants growing in soil Make sure soil rich in humus Avoid overgrazing Allow indigenous plants to grow along river banks Conserve wetlands Ensure fertility using crop rotation Minimum or no tillage - ploughing Encourage water infiltration and reduce water runoff with mulching - cover soil with leaves, pebbles etc.
78
What is the world made up of
Minerals of all kinds
79
What is matter
Matter is everything that takes up space and has a mass. All things we can feel, see and smell in daily lives is matter Stuff all around us
80
What is the study of matter called
Chemistry
81
What is matter made up of
Tiny particles called atoms and molecules
82
What are the particles in matter constantly doing
They are in constant motion
83
What affects the speed of particles
Temperature effects the speed of the particles | Higher temps, faster the speed of the particles
84
What is the Brownian Motion
Random Movement of particles due to kinetic energy
85
What are the three phases of matter and what do they depend on
Solid, liquid and gas | Phase depends on how much energy substance contains.
86
What energy can change the phase of the matter
Heat energy | Eg can change phase by heating or cooling matter.
87
What is energy
Energy enables person/object to do something. Because of energy objects move, make sounds, give out light and get warmer or cooler.
88
Tell me about a solid
``` Small amount of energy Vibrate in fixed position Very close together Not easily compressed Hold shape Fixed position ```
89
Tell me about liquids
``` Some energy Move more than solids, slide over each other Close together Not easily compressed Takes shape of container Free surface Fixed volume ```
90
Tell me about a gas
``` Lots of energy Move very fast Particles far apart Can be compressed Shape of container Volume of container ```
91
Movement of particles depend on
Amount of energy and temperature
92
What is the phase change from a solid to a liquid and backwards
Melting | Feezing
93
What are the phase changes from a liquid to a gas
Boiling - bubbles - faster | Evaporating - slower
94
How do you transfer heat
Can only transfer heat energy not cold
97
What happens when something is heated
Molecules don't expand, spaces in between grow bigger
98
What is cold
Absence of heat
99
``` Definitions Melting Boiling Evaporation Condensation Freezing ( solidification ) ```
Change in phase from solid - liquid by addition of heat energy Change in phase from liquid to gas by addition of heat ( throughout liquid ) Change in phase from liquid to vapor at temp below boiling. Takes place at surface of liquid, where molecules with highest kinetic energy are able to escape Change phase from liquid to solid as heat energy is removed Change in phase from liquid to solid as heat energy is removed
99
What is sublimation
Means to change directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase
99
What is dry ice
Carbon Dioxide frozen

Natural Science (1 decks)

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