Scientific Revolution

Question 1

Scientific Revolution

Answer 1

Process which established the new view of the universe—not very rapid and more like reexamining and rethinking—1500-1600s

Question 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 2

Polish astronomer—educated in Cracow and Italy—“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere”—Provided an “intellectual springboard” for a complete criticism of the geocentric universe model—Maintained most parts of Ptolemy’s model accept made it sun-centered.

Question 3

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Answer 3

Earth centered system—Moon and sun revolved around earth and then other planets revolved around the sun.

Question 4

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Answer 4

German astronomer—Used mathematics to determine and supported a sun-centered universe—Planets have elliptical orbit—“A New Astronomy”.

Question 5

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Answer 5

Italian mathematician, natural philosopher—used telescope on heavens—saw more stars, sunspots, moons orbiting Jupiter.

Question 6

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Answer 6

English—“Principia Mathematica”—all effected by gravity

Question 7

Francis Bacon and Empirical Method (1561-1626)

Answer 7

English—Lawyer, high royal official, author of histories, moral essays, philosophical discourses—“father of empiricism and of experimental science”—told people to think for themselves and to question things, not to just look back on antiquity.

Question 8

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Answer 8

Gifted mathematician—invented analytic geometry—developed a scientific method that relied more on deduction than empirical observation and induction—“Discourse on Method”—God guaranteed the correctness of clear and distinct ideas.

Question 9

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Answer 9

Political philosopher—everyone is egotistical—do things to have needs met.

Question 10

John Locke (1632-1704)

Answer 10

Political philosopher—provided foundation for later liberal political philosophy in both Europe and America—religious toleration—blank slate.

Question 11

Natural Law

Answer 11

Rights, liberty, and property—right of citizens.

Question 12

Women and the Scientific Revolution

Answer 12

Queen Christina of Sweden and Descartes—Noblewomen (Margaret Cavendish)—Women from artisan class (Maria Cunitz, Elisabetha Hevelius, Emilie du Chatelet).

Question 13

Case of Galileo (1633)

Answer 13

Condemnation of him by Roman Catholic authorities—many centuries interpreted as exemplifying the force s of religion smothering scientific knowledge—continued until 1992 (Pope John II) formally ordered the reassessment of the Galileo case admitted errors had occurred.

Question 14

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Answer 14

French mathematician and physical scientist—allied himself with Jansenists—matters of religion only the reasons of the heart and a “leap of faith” could prevail—worked to strengthen traditional religious beliefs.

Question 15

Witchhunts

Answer 15

Throughout Europe—between 1400-1700—70,000-100,000 people were sentenced to death.

Question 16

Malificium

Answer 16

Magic

Question 17

Sabbats

Answer 17

Mass meetings of witches

Question 18

Why women?

Answer 18

80% of victims women—between ages 45-60—single—at a time when women threatened to break out from under male control—many involved in midwifery (large # of deaths in childbirth—women and infants).

Question 19

Malleus Malificarum (The Hammer of Witches)

Answer 19

1486—written by Dominican monks—Kramer and Sprenger—official guide to church’s detection and punishment of witches.