Scientific Principles and Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the scientific cycle?

A
  1. Hypothesising, questioning and debating a particular idea or area of science
  2. Investigating through observing, researching or experimenting;
  3. Analysis of data and results from experiments through comparing, interpreting or applying statistics; look for patterns or trends
  4. Evaluation of results and conclusions are formed.
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2
Q

What is a sound hypothesis?

A

A sound hypothesis:

  • Must be based on established data
  • Can be tested
  • Can be proven false
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3
Q

Following analysis and evaluations, what can be formed?

A

a new or refined hypothesis and so the cycle continues.

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4
Q

When may a negative result be considered a valid finding?

A

if the experiment is well designed

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5
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.

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6
Q

What does an experiment conclusion always refer to?

A

the null, rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis rather than the alternative hypothesis

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7
Q

Why is the null hypothesis an important starting point in the scientific cycle?

A

it proposes that there is no link between the independent and dependent variable.

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8
Q

When do scientific ideas become accepted?

A

once they have been verified independently.

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9
Q

What are one-off results treated with? And what does this mean?

A

caution, which is why it is essential to do complete independent repeats of an experiment.

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10
Q

How should you go about repeating an experiment?

A

Repetition should be done at a different time with a completely new set of ingredients, organisms and chemicals

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11
Q

Where may scientists from a range of fields share their findings?

A

conferences and seminars via lectures, talks and poster displays. Also, in scientific journals

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12
Q

When may scientific findings be published in scientific journals?

A

if they have been verified and subjected to peer review

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of scientific journals

A
  • Nature
  • The Lancet
  • Nature Reviews Medicine
  • Immunity.
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14
Q

What is crucial in the world of scientific research?

A

Peer review and critical evaluation of research

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15
Q

How does peer review work?

A

specialists with an expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript prior to publication, assessing the reliability of the research

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16
Q

What may the peer reviewers’ advise? Give 5 examples

A

These specialists may advise the writer to make changes to enhance the scientific rigour of the piece before it can be published.

e. g.
- alterations to experimental design, e.g. better control of confounding variables;
- increased number of replicates;
- additional experiments;
- different /more suitable data analysis;
- inclusion of missing key background information.

17
Q

Where the use of animals is unavoidable, what are the 3Rs that are recommended?

A
  1. Replacement
  2. Reduction
  3. Refinement
18
Q

What is meant by replacement?

A

can the animal be replaced with another? Who decides which animals are acceptable for use and which are not though?

19
Q

What is meant by reduction?

A

can fewer animals be used?

20
Q

What is meant by refinement?

A

can the procedure be refined to reduce human error?

21
Q

What may scientists use instead of animals?

A

models or other alternatives

22
Q

What is important to remember about any experiments involving animals?

A

They are strictly controlled, requiring licensed premises and licenses to carry out each piece of research.

23
Q

If researchers intend to use animals what must they provide?

A

full justification of which animals are to be used and why. They must also state the expected positive impact on humans and society that using these animals will bring.

24
Q

In any studies involving humans, what should always be sought?

A

informed consent

25
Q

If the study involves participants under 16, what must also be sought?

A

a parent or carer must also provide informed consent.

26
Q

During the investigation, what must participants be aware of?

A

Participants must be aware of the right to withdraw data at any time .

27
Q

What must be maintained before, during and after the investigation?

A

participant confidentiality

28
Q

Through providing informed consent, what will participants be able to assess?

A

if their participation may contribute to findings that could impact on society or the environment.

29
Q

What must all scientific investigations be?

A

justifiable, thus clearly have benefits to society or the environment, or merely the pursuit of scientific knowledge

30
Q

What are scientific investigations are influenced by?

A
  1. risk assessments that must take account of that safety of humans or animals involved and any impact on the environment;
  2. regulation, policy and licensing by governments which aim to limit the potential for the misuse of studies and data;
  3. funding which can influence the direction and pace of scientific progress.
31
Q

What are the 5 things the pace and direction of scientific progress is controlled by?

A
  • Legalisation – what is allowable in law
  • Regulation – a framework to operate within the law
  • Policy – political emphasis on particular areas
  • Funding – financial incentives
  • Approval – from an independent ethics commitee