Scientific Principles and Processes Flashcards
What are the 4 parts of the scientific cycle?
- Hypothesising, questioning and debating a particular idea or area of science
- Investigating through observing, researching or experimenting;
- Analysis of data and results from experiments through comparing, interpreting or applying statistics; look for patterns or trends
- Evaluation of results and conclusions are formed.
What is a sound hypothesis?
A sound hypothesis:
- Must be based on established data
- Can be tested
- Can be proven false
Following analysis and evaluations, what can be formed?
a new or refined hypothesis and so the cycle continues.
When may a negative result be considered a valid finding?
if the experiment is well designed
What is a null hypothesis?
a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.
What does an experiment conclusion always refer to?
the null, rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis rather than the alternative hypothesis
Why is the null hypothesis an important starting point in the scientific cycle?
it proposes that there is no link between the independent and dependent variable.
When do scientific ideas become accepted?
once they have been verified independently.
What are one-off results treated with? And what does this mean?
caution, which is why it is essential to do complete independent repeats of an experiment.
How should you go about repeating an experiment?
Repetition should be done at a different time with a completely new set of ingredients, organisms and chemicals
Where may scientists from a range of fields share their findings?
conferences and seminars via lectures, talks and poster displays. Also, in scientific journals
When may scientific findings be published in scientific journals?
if they have been verified and subjected to peer review
Give 4 examples of scientific journals
- Nature
- The Lancet
- Nature Reviews Medicine
- Immunity.
What is crucial in the world of scientific research?
Peer review and critical evaluation of research
How does peer review work?
specialists with an expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript prior to publication, assessing the reliability of the research