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Psych exam (unit 3-4) > scientific methods > Flashcards

scientific methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Control variables

A

Variables other than the IV that the researcher holds constant to ensure changes in the DV are due to the changed in the IV.

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2
Q

Random sampling

A

Is a sample technique were each member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

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3
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Is a sampling technique people are selected in a way to ensure strata are proportional to the representation of those in the wider population.

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4
Q

Measures of variability

A

A descriptive static that summerise and describe the spread and distribution of the data set including range and standard deviation

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5
Q

ethical concepts

A

Broad, moral guiding principals to consider

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6
Q

Beneficence

A

An ethical concept that refers to the commitment to maximising benefits and reducing risks and harms

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7
Q

Integrity

A

An ethical concept that refers to the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and reporting all sources of information and results honestly

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8
Q

Justice

A

An ethical concept that refers to the the moral obligation to ensure fair consideration of completing claims.

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9
Q

Non-maleficence

A

An ethical concept that refers to not doing any harm

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10
Q

Respect

A

An ethical concept that refers to the considerations of the extent to which living things have intrinsic/instrumental value ( eg. human life has intrinsic value, money has instrumental value)

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11
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Procedures to ensure participants are safe and respected

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12
Q

Confidentiality

A

An ethical guideline that refers to the protection, privacy, and security of participants’ personal information

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13
Q

Informed consent

A

An ethical guideline the refers to ensuring participants understand the purpose and risks of the experiment before agreeing to participating in the study.

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14
Q

Deception

A

An ethical guideline that refers to intentionally misleading participants when knowledge about the experiment will affect their behaviors

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15
Q

Debriefing

A

An ethical guideline that refers to ensuring participants leave with an understanding of elements of the study

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16
Q

Voluntary participation

A

An ethical guideline that refers to no coercion (persuading someone to do something by using force and threats) or pressure and participants freely choose to take part in the study

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17
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

An ethical guideline that refers to the right of participants to discontinue their involvement in the study, even afterwards without penalty.

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18
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Refers the measures casual relationship between one or more IV’s and a DV, while controlling all other variables

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19
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or phenomenon containing a real or hypothetical situation

20
Q

correlational study

A

Non-experimental study where researches observe and measure the relationship between variables without any active control or manipulation of them

21
Q

Error

A

Changes in the DV caused by something other than the IV

22
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Is a variable that is not the IV but may cause an unwanted effect on the DV, a part from the IV

23
Q

Participant related

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to characteristics of the participant affecting results (things like age, intelligence and socioeconomic status

24
Q

Confounding variable

A

A variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart form the independent variable

25
Q

Order effects

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to the tendency of the order participants complete conditions to affect behaviour

26
Q

Placebo effect

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to participants responding to inactive substances or treatments due to expectations or beliefs

27
Q

Experimenter effects

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to when expectations of the research affect results.

28
Q

Situational variables

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to any environmental actors influencing the DV.

29
Q

Non-standardised instructions and procedures

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to directions differing across participants and experimental conditions.

30
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Example of EV and confounding variable relating to cues in an experiment signaling to a participant in the intention of the study .

31
Q

Large sample size

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that increases representativeness, unbiased

32
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that reduces order effects

33
Q

Placebos

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that is used for comparison between groups to make conclusions of effectiveness

34
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that involves participants are unaware of which group they are in (control or experimental)

35
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that involves participants and experimenter unaware of which group participants are in (experimental or control)

36
Q

Same instructions and procedures

A

A way of preventing EVs and confounding variables that allows research to infer more conclusively that results are due to the IV

37
Q

Accuracy

A

Refers to how close a measurement is to the true value of the value of the quantity being measured

38
Q

True value

A

The value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly

39
Q

Precision

A

How closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

40
Q

Systematic errors

A

Are errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount.

41
Q

Random errors

A

Are errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance

42
Q

Uncertainty

A

Refers to the lack of knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge.

43
Q

Repeatability

A

Is the extent to which a study used under the same conditions will produce the same results

44
Q

Reproducibility

A

Is the extent to which a study used under different conditions will product the same results

45
Q

Validity

A

Refers to the extent to which psychological tools and investigations truly support their findings or conclusions

46
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which an investigation truly measures what it claims to measure

47
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.

Psych exam (unit 3-4) (2 decks)

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