Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science Praxis > Scientific Methodology, Techniques, and History > Flashcards

Scientific Methodology, Techniques, and History Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Praxis (5004) - Elem. Ed: Social Studies flashcards Praxis (5236) - Biology flashcards Praxis (5005) - Elem. Ed: Science flashcards Praxis (5081) - Social Studies (Content Knowledge) flashcards Praxis (5904) - Elem. Ed: Three Subject Bundle - Social Studies flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Praxis (7005) - Elem. Ed: Science flashcards Praxis (5905) - Elem. Ed: Three Subject Bundle Science flashcards Praxis (7004) - Elem. Ed: Social Studies flashcards
1
Q

techniques used for the investigation of phenomena

A

scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and accepted as true

A

fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a scientific statement that has some experimental validity or is only accurate under limited conditions

A

model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an accepted hypothesis that explains “why” something occurs; valid only if no evidence exists to disprove. ex. theory of evolution

A

theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

summarizes a body of observations; can explain and predict things but not why they happen; have uniformity; universal; ex. law of gravity

A

law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the design of all information-gathering exercises where variation is present

A

experimental design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(physics) general relativity and special relativity, photoelectric effect, mass-energy equivalence, theory of Brownian motion, Einstein field equations, Bose-Einstein statistics

A

Einstein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(physics) famous for the model of the atomic structure where he introduced the theory of electrons traveling in orbits around the atom’s nucleus, the chemical properties of each element largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits of its atoms. Also introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, in the process releasing a photon of discrete energy- this because the basis for quantum theory

A

Niels Henrik David Bohr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(physics and chemistry) known for radioactivity, polonium, radium. She was the only person to win nobel prize in two disciplines (physics and chemistry)

A

Marie Curie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(genetics) known for discovering genetics. Studied heredity traits of plants and animals, esp. sheep. Made the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment - later becoming known as Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(Naturalist) known for the Voyable of the Beagle, on the origin of species, evolution by natural selection, common descent. he established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that is branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

figured out the structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

known for Newton mechanics, Universal Gravitation ,Infinitesimal Calculus, optics, binomial series, Newton’s method. 3 laws of motion, built the first practical reflecting telescope, studied prisms and speed of sound

A

Sir Isaac Newton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

known for heliocentrism, Copernicus law. First person to formulate a comprehensive helliocentric cosmology displacing the earth at the center of the universe. His heliocentric model of the universe put the sun at the center of the solar system and is often called the Copernicus revolution

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

known for kinetics, dynamics, telescopic observational astronomy, heliocentrism. His contribution to astronomy included making imporvements to the telescope, supported copernicism, confirmed the phases of venus, discovered four largest stellites of Jupiter (named Gallilean moons) and the observations and analysis of sunspots. Also improved the military compass

A

Galileo Galilei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(Geology) known for plutonic geology, deep time. Made theories about rock formations. came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example moletn material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and the eroded sediments are washed away. he recognized that the history of Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. His ideas and approach to studying the Earth established geology as a proper science. Also discovered uniformitarianism (the belief that changes occur slowly over time, which allowed us to date fossils and rocks based on amount of decay)

A

James Hutton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

known for inventing the periodic table of elements. Predicted that properties of elements are yet to be discovered

A

Dmitri Madeleev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

known for atomic theory, law of multiple proportions, Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Daltonism (color blindness). he orally presented an important papers, entitled “Experimental Essays” on the constitution of mixed gases; on the pressure of steam and other vapors at different temperatures in a vacuum and in air; on evaporation; and on the thermal expansion of gases. These four essays were published in the Memoirs of the LIt & Phil in 1802

A

John Dalton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

structure of the DNA

A

double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid: nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used int he devlopment and functioning of all known living organisms.

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA segments that care genetic information

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

animals, plants, fungi, and protists store most of DNA in cell nucleus and some in organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

eukaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bacteria and archaea; store DNA only in cytoplasm

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

A

four bases found in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor

A

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. eliminates the inferior species gradually over time

A

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation. most common types are alpha, beta, gamma

A

radioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

radiation from nuclear sources is distributed equally in all directions.

A

inverse square law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

basis building blocks of chemistry; matter is composed of this; made up of protons ,electrons and neutrons

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

center of an atom: where you can find protons and neutrons. virtually all mass of an atom is concentrated here

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

found making orbitals around the nucleus of an atom, very low mass

A

electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

large with no charge

A

neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

large with a positive charge

A

proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

small with a negative charge

A

electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

atom that carries an electrical charge

A

ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

two atoms with different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

protons and neutrons are collectively called

A

nucleons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

proton number= number of protons =

A

atomic number of the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons=

A

mass number of the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

of electrons =

A

of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

A

Newton’s First Law of Motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The relationship between an object’s mass m, its acceleration, a and the applied force, F is F=ma

A

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The theory that the Universe expanded from an extremely dense and hot state and continues to expand today. Explains the early development of the universe

A

Big Band Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

credited with coining the term Big Bang during 1949 radio broadcast

A

Fred Hoyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the closeness of a measurement to its true value

A

accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the degree to which repeated measurements show the same result

A

precision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

label that goes behind a numbered measurement ex. 1 ku = 1000 u

A

units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

all non-zero digits; ex. 91 = 2 significant figures

A

significant figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

developed in late 1700s to standardize units of measurement in Europe. primary measurement system used through much of the world and in science. each type of measurement has a base unit to which prefixes are added to indicate multiples of ten.

A

The metric system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure.

A

variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Fore example, someone’s age might be this.

A

independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score

A

dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

degree to which information on a map or in a digital database matches true or accepted values. issue pertaining to the quality of data and the number of errors contained in a dataset or map.

A

accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

level of measurment and exactness of description in a GIS database. Precise locational data may measure position to a fraction of a unit.

A

precision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

refers to the relative accuracy and precision of a particular GIS database

A

data quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

encompasses both the imprecision of data and its inaccuracies

A

error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs.

A

reagent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

substance that is consumed in the course of a chemical reaction. used interchangeably with reagent

A

reactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

chemical substances of sufficient purity for use in chemical analysis, chemical reactions, or physical testing.

A

reagent-grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

equipment needed for a particular activity or purpose

A

apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

anything that has mass and volume. all composed of atoms.

A

matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the amount of matter that makes up an object (constant)

A

mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

the amount of space an object takes up

A

volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an object (mass x gravity) measured in newtons

A

weight

66
Q

smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element

A

atom

67
Q

212 degrees F - 100 degrees C

A

boiling point of a liquid

68
Q

32 degrees F - 0 degrees C

A

freezing point of a liquid

69
Q

a change that may affect density, pressure, temperature, and/or other physical properties; does not alter the chemical formula

A

physical changes

70
Q

change that alters the chemical formula occurs on the molecular level

A

chemical change

71
Q

states that the total amount of energy in a closed system (a system in which no energy can escape or be introduced) remains constant over time; the energy may take various forms (kinetic, light, heat, etc.) but it cannot be created or destroyed

A

law of conservation of energy

72
Q

mass of a closed system will remain constant over time; mass cannot be created or destroyed; mass can be rearranged in space and altered to contain different particles

A

law of conservation of mass

73
Q

used to calculate electrical values so that we can design circuits and use electricity in a useful manner. I = V/R

A

Ohm’s Law

74
Q

measure of how much thermal energy is transfered from one body to another

A

heat

75
Q

measure of average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance

A

temperature

76
Q

unit in which temperature is measured.

A

Kelvins

77
Q

another unit in which temperature is measured

A

degrees celsius

78
Q

unit in which heat is measured; the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsuis

A

calories

79
Q

when two objects of different temperatures come into contact, heat will flow from the hotter object to the colder one until both have the same temperature; heat lost by the hotter object = heat gained by the colder

A

thermal equilibrium

80
Q

amount of heat required to change the phase of a substance

A

latent heat of transformation

81
Q

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a certain mass of a given substance, constant

A

specific heat

82
Q

conduction, convection, radiation

A

methods of heat transfer

83
Q

transfer of heat by intermolecular collisions; molecules transfer their kinetic energy to each other

A

conduction

84
Q

involves the molecules themselves moving from one place to another; typically involves gases; ex. fan displacing hot air with cold air

A

convection

85
Q

takes place when the source of heat is some form of electromagnetic wave, such as a microwave or sunlight; the waves transfer heat; ex. microwave oven energize food particles with microwave radiation

A

radiation

86
Q

the internal energy of a system increase if heat is added to the system or if work is done on the system and decreases if the system gives off heat or does work; similar to the law of conservation of energy; the flow of heat is an anergy transfer

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

87
Q

heat flows spontaneously from a hotter object to a colder one (ex. ice cream does not get colder) 2. no machine is 100% effective (ex. all machines generate heat and some of that is heat is always lost to its surroundings. 3. ordered systems are liable to fall into disorder (ex. salt and pepper can be mixed but not separated); disorder (aka entropy) is what gives time its direction

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

88
Q

proposed a model in which the atom is composed of a tiny, dense, core of positively charged protons (which contains nearly all of the atom’s mass) and a swirling ring of electrons

A

Rutherford Model

89
Q

model that says that electrons do not move freely within an atom. proposed a planetary model in which electrons orbit the nucleus in defined, spherical orbits called energy levels or electron shells. also hypothesized that electrons could move between these shells when energy is absorbed or emitted

A

Bohr Model

90
Q

modern atomic model that states that it is impossible to determine the precise location of an electron. Instead of moving within defined shells, electrons travel in diffuse clouds called orbitals. position of an electron is described using the quantum numbers n(principal energy level), l (shape of orbital), ml (relative orientation of the orbital) and ms (spin)

A

Quantum Mechanical Model

91
Q

configuration of electrons within an atom. can be determined by using the periodic table

A

electron configuration

92
Q

electrons which inhabit the outermost shell of an atom; can be determined by an element’s periodic group notation; atoms with the same number of these electrons - and which are thus located in the same group- have similar chemical and physical properties

A

valence electrons

93
Q

atoms of the same element that contain different amounts of neutrons

A

isotopes

94
Q

atoms that have an unstable nucleus have this property

A

radioactivity

95
Q

alpha, beta, gamma

A

three types of radiation produced during radioactivity

96
Q

type of radiation when the nucleus emits a nucleus of helium

A

alpha

97
Q

type of radiation where the nucleus emits an electron

A

beta

98
Q

type of radiation where the nucleus emits very powerful electromagnetic radiation

A

gamma

99
Q

contains a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction

A

nuclear reactor

100
Q

scalar measure of the interval between two locations measured along the actual path connecting them

A

distance

101
Q

a quantity that is fully described by both magnitude and direction.

A

vector

102
Q

quantity is fully described by its magnitude

A

scalar

103
Q

rate of change of distance with time. must know how far its gone and how long it took to get there.

A

speed

104
Q

rate of change of velocity with time . any change in velocity results in this. (increasing or decreasing speed, or changing direction)

A

acceleration

105
Q

something different people will say different things about the motion of the same object

A

relative motion

106
Q

anything that you see, watch, or measure from where you are at will be compared to the reference point of the ground. If I am standing on that ground that is your…

A

frame of reference

107
Q

an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity

A

free fall

108
Q

exists because air molecules collide into a falling body creating an upward force opposite gravity, eventually balancing the falling body’s weight

A

air resistance

109
Q

continue to fall at constant velocity

A

terminal velocity

110
Q

an object upon which gravity is the only force. can be dropped, thrown up and allowed to fall, or thrown up at an angle and allowed to fall

A

projectile motion

111
Q

motion of an object in a circle with a constant or uniform speed.

A

uniform circular motion

112
Q

number of cycles per unit of time

A

frequency

113
Q

traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices

A

revolutions per minute

114
Q

describes the time it take for the object to make one full rotation

A

period

115
Q

a string or stick with a weight or bob on the end. follow the law of falling objects (invisible force, gravity, pulls the pendulum toward Earth.

A

pendulum

116
Q

three variables that affect the period of a pendulum

A

length of pendulum, size of the arc it makes, and the mass of the bob

117
Q

a vector quantity (more precisely - a pseudovector) which specifies the angular speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. Represented by the symbol omega

A

angular velocity

118
Q

SI unit of angular velocity

A

radians per second

119
Q

direction of the angular velocity is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction

A

right-hand rule

120
Q

force that makes a body follow a curved path: it is always directed orthogonal to the velocity of the body, toward instantaneous center of curvature of the path.

A

centripetal force

121
Q

push or pull exerted on an object

A

force

122
Q

measure of how much matter is in an object

A

mass

123
Q

how an object’s velocity changes over time

A

acceleration

124
Q

similar to speed, the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time

A

velocity

125
Q

tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

A

intertia

126
Q

characteristic of a moving body, determined by the product of the body’s mass and velocity.

A

momentum

127
Q

the official unit of force. one of these is equivalent to 1 kilogram- meter per second squared

A

newton

128
Q

when this force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of this force

A

net force

129
Q

force that holds back the movement of a sliding object. acts in the opposite direction of the way an object wants to slide

A

friction

130
Q

energy of motion. an object that has motion (whether it is vertical or horizontal) it has this energy

A

kinetic energy

131
Q

form of kinetic energy. - the energy due to vibrational motion

A

vibrational

132
Q

form of kinetic energy - the energy due to rotational motion

A

rotational energy

133
Q

form of kinetic energy - energy due to motion from one location to another

A

translational energy

134
Q

the change in kinetic energy of the object

A

work done on an object

135
Q

relationship between kinetic energy and work

A

work-energy theorem

136
Q

Work= force x distance

A

formula for calculating work

137
Q

measure of how much a force acting on an object to rotate

A

torque

138
Q

the axis that an object rotates about

A

pivot point

139
Q

distance from the pivot point to where the force acts

A

moment arm

140
Q

ratio of existing weight or load to the acting force; or, the ratio of the distance through which the force is exerted to the distance the weight is raised.

A

mechanical advantage

141
Q

acting force times the distance it moves equals the work put into the machine

A

input force

142
Q

the resisting weight times the distance it moves equals the work accomplished by the machine.

A

output force

143
Q

measure of an object’s translational motion. product of the object’s mass times its velocity

A

linear momentum

144
Q

ability to do work

A

energy

145
Q

the effect of moving molecules within matter; increased motion = increased heat; most easily dissipated form of energy

A

heat

146
Q

caused by the motion of light waves

A

light

147
Q

caused by the motion of sound waves; easily lost

A

sound

148
Q

the effect of moving electrical charged from on point to another within a conductor

A

electrical

149
Q

energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold atoms and ions together

A

chemical

150
Q

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom; released when nuclei are split apart (fission) or combined (fusion)

A

nuclear

151
Q

sum of kinetic and potential energy present in a mechanical system

A

mechanical

152
Q

the energy matter possesses due to motion

A

kinetic

153
Q

the energy matter possesses due to its position or shape

A

potential

154
Q

process of changing energy from one form to another

A

energy transformation

155
Q

collision where there is no loss of kinetic energy in the collision

A

perfectly elastic collision

156
Q

collision where some of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy and other forms of energy

A

macroscopic collision

157
Q

every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

A

Newton’s law of universal gravitation

158
Q

laws of planetary motion were created by:

A

Johannes Kepler

159
Q

the path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus (The Law of Elipses)

A

Kepler’s first law of planetary motion

160
Q

an imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time (The Law of Equal Areas)

A

Kepler’s second law of planetary motion

161
Q

the ratio of the square of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun (The Law of Harmonies)

A

Kepler’s third law of planetary motion

Science Praxis (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions