Scientific Method, Enlightenment, and American Revolution

Question 1

Careful step-by-step process used to confirm findings and prove/disprove a hypothesis

Answer 1

Scientific Method

Question 2

Polish scholar who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

Answer 2

Copernicus

Question 3

German astronomer whose calculations proved the above theory

Answer 3

Johann Kepler

Question 4

Italian who assembled an astronomical telescope, but it was tried before the Inquisition for his findings

Answer 4

Galileo

Question 5

Englishman who developed the laws of gravity and motion; also invented calculus

Answer 5

Isaac Newton

Question 6

Rules of conduct discoverable by reason

Answer 6

Natural Law

Question 7

Both of these scientists sought to prove the truth; developed a new philosophy of human reasoning

Answer 7

Descartes/ Bacon

Question 8

Agreement in which people create government by giving up some of their rights

Answer 8

Social Contract

Question 8

Englishman who said people entered a social contract; believed in powerful govern. (absolute monarchy)

Answer 8

Thomas Hobbes

Question 9

English philosopher who believed government has an obligation to protect the natural rights of citizens

Answer 9

John Locke

Question 10

French thinkers who desired reform in society in the 18th century; French for “philosopher”

Answer 10

Philosophes

Question 10

People are born free and equal with life, liberty and property

Answer 10

Natural rights

Question 11

French philosopher who felt the best way to protect the liberty was to divide the powers of the government among three branches.

Answer 11

Baron de Montesquieu

Question 12

Power that is divided among several branches of government

Answer 12

Separation of Powers and Checks & Balances

Question 13

French philosopher who believed people in their natural state were good

Answer 13

Rousseau

Question 13

French Philosopher who defended the principle of freedom of speech

Answer 13

Voltaire

Question 14

Believed women should have similar rights to me in politics

Answer 14

Wollstonecraft

Question 15

Wrote on crimes and punishments; opposed torture and believed accused should have speedy trials

Answer 15

Beccaria

Question 16

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged ideas

Answer 16

Salon

Question 17

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Answer 17

Enlightenment despots