Scientific Method, Cells and Cell Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Scientific Method Definition

A

A systematic way of researching a question and making conclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are variables?

A

Affect the outcome of an experiment; Independent Variable (IV) is what you change in an experiment. Dependance Variable (DV) is what you measure. The Controlled Variable (CV) is what you keep the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Control Group and Experimental Group

A

Control Group doesn’t receive the Independent Variable. The Experimental Group receives Independent Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a placebo?

A

An inactive ingredient given to the control group so they cannot decipher whether they are in the experimental or control group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Validity

A

An experimental design that tests what it proposes to test. Validity can be applied by controlling variables and increasing sample size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reliability

A

Would you get the same results again and again? Can be applied by testing and retesting and increasing sample size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes a good hypothesis?

A

A good hypothesis is usually a definite statement not a question (it is hypothesised that…), is short, has a single idea that can be tested, usually links 2 variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Experimental Errors

A

Random errors are unpredictable errors that can occur in all experiments. Systematic errors occur because of the way in which an experiment is designed (e.g. measurement may be too high or too low).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell Definition

A

Smallest unit of living things. Two types: plant and animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell structure

A

Cell membrane- surrounds cell and forms the outer boundary
Cytoplasm-thick fluid that fills inside of cell and holds organelles.
Organelles-structures suspended in cytoplasm that carry out particular functions
Cytosol-liquid part of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton- internal scaffolding or protein fibres within the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

A

Protects and supports the cell, controls what enters and leaves the cell, it is a phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activities in the cell, usually one per cell, contains DNA - the coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules for the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small, dense region in the middle of the nucleus, where ribosomes are formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Clear fluid within cell that contains all organelles, moves materials within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins, may be free in cell or attached to ER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Golgi apparatus (Bodies)

A

Stacks of membranes that package chemical. Packaged chemicals can be moved outside of the cell or stored inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of folded membranes that form sacs or tubes. Two types - smooth or rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Smooth ER vs Rough ER

A

Smooth ER has no ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxifies drugs. Rough ER looks rough due to ribosomes, makes proteins through ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Made by golgi apparatus, full of digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles, help white blood cells to destroy bacteria, clean up crew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vacuoles

A

Store food, water, or waste materials. In plant cells, they are very large.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy producers - the “powerhouse” of the cell, convert chemical energy into useable energy. The mitochondria come from ovum

22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Overlapping networks of filaments and fibres that support the cell and help it maintain it’s shape. They can also help cells move.

23
Q

Centrioles

A

Help to organise the cell during cell division, they migrate to either side of the cell and help to pull it apart. Only found in animal cells.

24
Q

Flagellum

A

Extension of the cytoskeleton - allows movement, main source of transportation for cells.

25
Q

Cilia /Pili

A

Extension of the cytoskeleton, allows things to move around the cell

26
Q

What is differentiation?

A

A process by which a single cell divides repeatedly. These new cells that arise become specialised for particular function. In an adult human body there are about 75 trillion cells which specialise into 200 types of cells. This great mass of cells are arranged in a particular way that allows each one to contribute to the functioning of the whole body.

27
Q

Body organisation

A

The body is organised on five structural levels;

cell, tissues, organs, systems, organism

28
Q

List and explain the two types of cell transport

A

Active - requires energy (ATP) and Passive - does not require energy.

29
Q

What are the three transport mechanisms?

A

Diffusion - simple and osmosis,
Carrier Mediated - facilitated and active
Vesicular - endocytosis and exocytosis

30
Q

Define diffusion and osmosis

A

Diffusion -> the movement of particles so that they are distributed evenly.
Osmosis -> the diffusion of water molecules through a differentially permeable membrane.

31
Q

Define Carrier Mediated

A

Carrier Mediated is when a carrier protein transports specific ions across the plasma membrane

32
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier protein which sucks in/pushes out ion and causes a change in shape. It is passive and does not require energy

33
Q

Describe active carrier mediated transport

A

Requires energy from ATP. Moves against low -> high concentration gradient. Energy is received from mitochondria from the process of cell respiration.

34
Q

Define vesicular transport

A

Vesicular Transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane in membranous bags called vesicles [active process]

35
Q

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis -> taking liquid or solids into the cell by vesicular transport
Exocytosis ->when the contents of a vesicle inside the cell are passed to the outside

36
Q

What is pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis -> process in which the cell membrane folds around a droplet of water and encloses it.
Phagocytosis -> process in which cell membrane encloses around a solid particle.

37
Q

Define metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
(food we eat + oxygen = energy).

38
Q

Define Metabolic Rate and Basal Metabolic Rate

A

Metabolic rate -> the rate (or speed) at which metabolism occurs in a living organism.
Basal metabolic rate -> the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing and keeping warm

39
Q

Define the two metabolic processes

A

Anabolic - small molecules built up into larger ones, requires energy, e.g. Protein Synthesis
Catabolic - reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones, releases energy, e.g. cellular respiration

40
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds have large molecules that always contain the element carbon e.g. carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

41
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Substances that do not contain carbon such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals.

42
Q

Describe what carbohydrates always contain.

A

Always contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. There are always twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen.

43
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars or single unit sugars e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

44
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two simple sugars joined together e.g. sucrose, maltose and lactose

45
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Large numbers of simple sugars joined together e.g. glycogen, cellulose and starch.

46
Q

Describe proteins

A

Always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and often sulfur, and phosphorus.

  • made up of amino acids
  • the bond that forms between amino acids is called a peptide bond; two amino acids joined by a peptide bond is called a dipeptide bond
  • ten or more amino acids joined is a polypeptide
47
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen e.g. fats, phospholipids, steroids.
Each fat molecule consists of one molecule of glycerol and one, two, or three fatty acid molecules. The type of fat stored in the body is triglyceride.

48
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Very large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Made up of nucleotides, each of which contains a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate.

49
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid; consists of a single chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose.
RNA carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to parts the cell where proteins are made.

50
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; consists of two chains of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.
Genetic material in the nucleus that stores inherited information.