Scientific Method

Question 1

A study has high _________ if the properties that appear in the hypothesis are measured and manipulated accurately. In other words, our methods have high _________ if they actually measure and manipulate the properties that we intended them to

Answer 1

construct validity

Question 2

_______ is relevant when our hypothesis describes a causal relationship. A study is _______ if the observed effect is actually due to the hypothesized cause

Answer 2

internal validity

internally valid

Question 3

A study is ______ if the hypothesized relationship, supported by our findings, also holds in other settings and other groups.

Answer 3

externally valid

Question 4

_____________ relates to whether our methods actually reflect the properties we intended to manipulate and measure. __________ relates to whether our hypothesized cause is the actual cause for the observed effect. _______ is threatened by alternative explanations. ________ or generalizability relates to whether the hypothesized relation holds in other settings

Answer 4

construct validity
internal validity
internal validity
external validity

Question 5

Rules required for a causal relationship
Number one: The cause and effect are _______. The first criterion means there has to be a way to trace the effect back to the cause. If a patient was not exposed to a virus, then we can’t argue that the virus caused the patient’s death.•Number two: The cause ______ the effect. I hope this is obvious.•Number three: The cause and effect occur _______consistently. This means cause and effect should go ________, covary. When the cause is present, we should see the effect, and if the cause is not present, then the effect should be absent. If the cause influences the effect to a certain degree, then we should see a consistently stronger or weaker effect, accordingly.

Criterion number four: ________ can be ruled out

Answer 5

connected
precedes 
together
together
alternative explanations

Question 6

There are three threats to internal validity in research that pertain to the participants or subjects: These are:

Answer 6

These threats are called maturation, selection and selection by maturation

Question 7

_______ refers to an alternative explanation formed by natural change in the subject or participant

Answer 7

maturation

Question 8

A ________ can help eliminate the maturation internal validity threat because you can control for natural change in both groups

Answer 8

control group

Question 9

________ refers to any systematic difference in subject characteristics between groups, other than the manipulated cause. This is a threat to internal validity.

Answer 9

selection

Question 10

A solution to the internal validity threat of selection is to incorporate _________ when assigning participants to groups.

Answer 10

randomization

Question 11

A final participant type threat to internal validity is known as ____ by_______. In this type of internal validity threat, groups significantly differ in their __________

Answer 11

selection by maturation

rates of maturation

Question 12

When it comes to instruments in the study there are three main threats to the internal validity of the study. These are known as:

Answer 12

1. low construct validity
2. instrumentation
3. testing

Question 13

Construct validity is low if our instruments contain a ________ or measure another construct or property

Answer 13

systemic bias

Question 14

________validity is a prerequisite for ______validity

Answer 14

construct validity

internal validity

Question 15

The threat of ________ occurs when an _______is changed during the course of the study

Answer 15

instrumentation

instrument

Question 16

A threat to internal validity can be one pertaining to ________ and this is where administering a ______ can affect the participant such that they react differently in the study than they otherwise would

Answer 16

testing

Question 17

__________ and instrumentation can be eliminated by using valid ________ and valid _________and of course by using them __________.

Answer 17

low construct validity
instruments
manipulation methods
consistently.

Question 18

If the researcher’s expectations have a biasing effect, wecall this threat to internal validity an ___________ effect

Answer 18

experimenter expectancy