Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
Empiricism
body and mind separate; only mind survive after death; beliefs are nature/born with
Dualism
mind and body different aspects of the same thing; ideas result from nurture/experience
Monism
Studied psychology under William James. Denied PhD at Harvard. First elected female president of the APA
Mary Whiton Calkins
British naturalist. Theory of evolution. Ideas of natural selection continue to influence the modern evolutionary perspective
Charles Darwin
American activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct and fund asylums for the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
One of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Founded the psychoanalytic school of psych emphasizing the role of the unconscious (studied dreams) and how childhood experiences influence adult personality
Sigmund Freud
Studied under William James, first psych lab in the U.S. first president of the APA
G. Stanley Hall
Harvard professor. Key role in establishing psychology in the U.S. Emphasized the purpose or function of behavior and mental experiences. James-Lange theory of emotion
William James
Russian physiologist. 532 experiments devoted to studying and formulating the principles of classical learning. Pavlov’s dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Swiss psychologist. Focused on cognitive development. Stage theory of development describes how infants, children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities
Jean Piaget
humanist. optimist view that people are innately good. self concept is the cornerstone for personality. people are motivated to achieve their full potential (self actualize)
Carl Rogers
behaviorist focusing on the observable and objective. formulated the principle of operant conditioning. skinner box
B.F. Skinner
first American woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology. best known for her experimental work in animal behavior
Margaret Floy Washburn
early American psychologist who focused on observable behaviors rather than subjective mental processes. one of the founders of behaviorism
John B. Watson
German scientist. First psychology laboratory. pioneered the method of introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements using introspection
Structuralism
early psych perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to it’s environment
Functionalism
refers to form, or organization, of consciousness, rather than content of behavior; tied the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; heavily influenced modern cognitive psych
Gestalt Psych
focus on genetic, hormonal, and neuro-chemical explanations of behavior
biological approach to psych
innate drives of sex and aggression(nature). social upbringing during childhood(nurture)
psychoanalysis approach to psych
innate mental structures such as schemas, perception and memory and constantly changed by the environment
cognitive psychology approach to psych
Maslow emphasized basic physical needs. society influences a person’s self concept
humanism approach to psych
all behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning; reactions to stimuli
behaviorism approach to psych
psych perspective concerned with how we recieve, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language
cognitive approach to psych
perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors’ genes; evolutionary psychologists take a Darwinian approach to the study of human behavior
Evolutionary approach to psych
