Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Question 1

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

Answer 1

Empiricism

Question 2

body and mind separate; only mind survive after death; beliefs are nature/born with

Answer 2

Dualism

Question 3

mind and body different aspects of the same thing; ideas result from nurture/experience

Answer 3

Monism

Question 4

Studied psychology under William James. Denied PhD at Harvard. First elected female president of the APA

Answer 4

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 5

British naturalist. Theory of evolution. Ideas of natural selection continue to influence the modern evolutionary perspective

Answer 5

Charles Darwin

Question 6

American activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct and fund asylums for the mentally ill

Answer 6

Dorothea Dix

Question 7

One of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Founded the psychoanalytic school of psych emphasizing the role of the unconscious (studied dreams) and how childhood experiences influence adult personality

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud

Question 8

Studied under William James, first psych lab in the U.S. first president of the APA

Answer 8

G. Stanley Hall

Question 9

Harvard professor. Key role in establishing psychology in the U.S. Emphasized the purpose or function of behavior and mental experiences. James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 9

William James

Question 10

Russian physiologist. 532 experiments devoted to studying and formulating the principles of classical learning. Pavlov’s dogs

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov

Question 11

Swiss psychologist. Focused on cognitive development. Stage theory of development describes how infants, children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities

Answer 11

Jean Piaget

Question 12

humanist. optimist view that people are innately good. self concept is the cornerstone for personality. people are motivated to achieve their full potential (self actualize)

Answer 12

Carl Rogers

Question 13

behaviorist focusing on the observable and objective. formulated the principle of operant conditioning. skinner box

Answer 13

B.F. Skinner

Question 14

first American woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology. best known for her experimental work in animal behavior

Answer 14

Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 15

early American psychologist who focused on observable behaviors rather than subjective mental processes. one of the founders of behaviorism

Answer 15

John B. Watson

Question 16

German scientist. First psychology laboratory. pioneered the method of introspection

Answer 16

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 17

early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements using introspection

Answer 17

Structuralism

Question 18

early psych perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to it’s environment

Answer 18

Functionalism

Question 19

refers to form, or organization, of consciousness, rather than content of behavior; tied the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; heavily influenced modern cognitive psych

Answer 19

Gestalt Psych

Question 20

focus on genetic, hormonal, and neuro-chemical explanations of behavior

Answer 20

biological approach to psych

Question 21

innate drives of sex and aggression(nature). social upbringing during childhood(nurture)

Answer 21

psychoanalysis approach to psych

Question 22

innate mental structures such as schemas, perception and memory and constantly changed by the environment

Answer 22

cognitive psychology approach to psych

Question 23

Maslow emphasized basic physical needs. society influences a person’s self concept

Answer 23

humanism approach to psych

Question 24

all behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning; reactions to stimuli

Answer 24

behaviorism approach to psych

Question 25

psych perspective concerned with how we recieve, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language

Answer 25

cognitive approach to psych

Question 26

perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors’ genes; evolutionary psychologists take a Darwinian approach to the study of human behavior

Answer 26

Evolutionary approach to psych