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State Boards: Cosmetology > Scientific Concepts #2 > Flashcards

Scientific Concepts #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which item is included in the “identification” section of the MSDS?
A: possible hazards
B: restrictions on product use
C: chemical composition
D: exposure limits

A

B: restrictions on product use

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2
Q

The type of bacteria that rarely shows any active motility is known as ___.
A: cocci
B: pus
C: spirilla
D: flagellum

A

A: cocci

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3
Q

Inflammation is charaterized by which of the following?
A: swelling
B: decreased blood flow
C: chilling of tissue
D: numbness

A

A: swelling

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4
Q

A disease that is transmitted from one person to another is called ___.
A: characteristic
B: communicable
C: communal
D: microbial

A

B: communicable

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5
Q

Which fungus affects plants or grows on inanimate objects but does not cause human infections in the salon?
A: tinea barbae
B: staph
C: mildew
D: tinea pedis

A

C: mildew

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6
Q

Phenolic disinfectants are ___.
A: a form of alcohol
B: among the safest disinfectants
C: known carcinogens
D: the preferred disinfectants for pedicure tubs

A

C: known carcinogens

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7
Q

Single-use items that do not have the capcity to be disinfected after each client use must be ___.
A: discarded
B: washed
C: stored
D: immersed

A

A: discarded

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8
Q

Which statement best describes UV sanitizers?
A: they do not disinfect nor do they sterilize
B: they are particularly effective with viruses
C: they are more effective than liquid disinfectants
D: they are required by most states

A

A: they do not disinfect nor do they sterilize

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9
Q

Chemical germicides formulated for use on skin, and registered and regulated by the FDA are called ___.
A: disinfectants
B: quats
C: antiseptics
D: cleaners

A

C: antiseptics

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10
Q

Which statement describes the proper use of waterless hand sanitizers in the salon?
A: they are preferable to the use of soap and water because they are more effective
B: they can be used AFTER soap and water, but cannot be substituted for soap and water
C: in general, they are as effective as soap and water, but may be more drying
D: most state health departments mandate the use of waterless hand sanitizers

A

B: they can be used AFTER soap and water, but cannot be substituted for soap and water

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11
Q

The scientific study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures is called ___.
A: neurology
B: anatomy
C: physiology
D: reflexology

A

C: physiology

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12
Q

The cells of all living organisms are made of a substance called ___.
A: protoplasm
B: neoplasm
C: ultraplasm
D: cytoplasm

A

A: protoplasm

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13
Q

___ is to raw egg white as ___ is to raw egg yolk.
A: protoplasm; nucleus
B: cell membrane; protoplasm
C: nucleus; cytoplasm
D: cytoplasm; cell membrane

A

C: nucleus; cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the tissue that binds together, protects, and supports various parts of the body?
A: nerve tissue
B: connective tissue
C: epithelial tissue
D: muscle tissue

A

B: connective tissue

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15
Q

Another term for fat is __ tissue.
A: nerve
B: muscle
C: epithelial
D: adipose

A

D: adipose

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16
Q

The physical foundation of the body consisting of bones connected by joints is the ___.
A: nervous system
B: skeletal system
C: muscular system
D: endocrine system

A

B: skeletal system

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17
Q

The skull consists of the ___.
A: temporal and occipital bones
B: sphenoid and hyoid bones
C: vertebrae and discs
D: cranium and facial bones

A

A: temporal and occipital bones

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18
Q

The facial skeleton has how many bones?
A: six
B: eight
C: twelve
D: fourteen

A

D: fourteen

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19
Q

The elastic, bony cage that acts as a protective framework for the heart and lungs is the ___.
A: sternum
B: thorax
C: scapula
D: clavicle

A

B: thorax

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20
Q

The bones in the fingers or digits are called ___.
A: phalanges
B: metacarpus
C: scapula
D: carpus

A

A: phalanges

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21
Q

Pressure in massage is usually directed from the ___.
A: insertion to begginning
B: insertion to the orgin
C: skeleton to orgin
D: front to sides

A

B: insertion to orgin

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22
Q

The muscles that turn the hand inward so the palm faces downward are the ___.
A: flexors
B: supinators
C: pronators
D: levitators

A

D: levitators

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23
Q

The nervous system as a whole is divided into how many main subdivisions?
A: two
B: three
C: four
D: six

A

B: three

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24
Q

Which nerve supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg?
A: sural nerve
B: common peroneal nerve
C: saphenous nerve
D: dorsal nerve

A

A: sural nerve

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25
Q

The word integrument means __.
A: blood vessels
B: hormone
C: natural covering
D: gland

A

C: natural covering

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26
Q

Insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen are examples of ___.
A: digestive enzymes
B: waste products
C: hormones
D: proteins

A

C: hormones

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27
Q

Which gland plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism?
A: pineal
B: pitutirary
C: thyroid
D: spleen

A

A: testosterone

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28
Q

The primary male reproductive hormone is ___.
A: testosterone
B: insulin
C: progestin
D: estrogen

A

A: testosterone

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29
Q

Acne, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth and color, and darker skin pigmentations are some of the results of changing or fluctuating ___.
A: cells
B: tissues
C: hormones
D: metabolism

A

C: hormones

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30
Q

The average adult skin weighs __ pounds.
A: 3 to 6
B: 6 to 9
C: 9 to 12
D: 12 to 15

A

B: 6 to 9

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31
Q

The skin layer in which the shedding of skin cells first begin is the stratum ___.
A: lucidum
B: corneum
C: spinosum
D: granulosum

A

C: spinosum

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32
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis, the basal cell layer, is also known as the ___.
A: stratum spinosum
B: stratum germinativum
C: stratum corneum
D: keratin dermis

A

B: stratum germinativum

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33
Q

Small, cone-shaped elevations at the bottom of hair follicles are known as ___.
A: papules
B: melanocytes
C: sensory nerve fibers
D: dermal papillae

A

D: dermal papillae

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34
Q

The deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients is the___.
A: papillary layer
B: subcutaneous layer
C: reticular layer
D: basal layer

A

C: reticular layer

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35
Q

What layer of the dermis houses the nerve endings that provide the body with the sense of touch?
A: secretory layer
B: papillary layer
C: dermal layer
D: reticular layer

A

A: secretory layer

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36
Q

The melanin produced by the body that is red to yellow in color is ___.
A: granular melanin
B: pheomelanin
C: eumelanin
D: photovoltaic

A

B: pheomelanin

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37
Q

___ helps protect sensitive cells from UV rays.
A: melanin
B: sebum
C: keratin
D: elastin

A

A: melanin

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38
Q

What is a fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength?
A: keratin
B: papule
C: dermal papillae
D: collagen

A

D: collagen

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39
Q

A freckle is an example of a mark on the skin known as a __.
A: pustule
B: lesion
C: cyst
D: bulla

A

B: lesion

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40
Q

For which of the following skin lesions should the cosmetologist refer the client to his or her physician?
A: bulla
B: macule
C: papule
D: pustule

A

A: bulla

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41
Q

A flat spot or discoloration on the skin is a ___.
A: pustule
B: bulla
C: lesion
D: macule

A

D: macule

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42
Q

__ are keratin-filled cysts that are usually associated with newborns and are commonly found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead.
A: milia
B: moles
C: skin tags
D: cicatrixes

A

D: cicatrixes

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43
Q

What is a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands caused from retained secretions?
A: wheal
B: excoriation
C: acne
D: conjunctivitis

A

D: conjunctivitis

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44
Q

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands are charaterized by redness, dry or oily scaling, crusting, and/or itchiness is called ___.
A: acne rosacea
B: impetigo
C: scale dermatitis
D: seborrheic dermatitis

A

D: seborrheic dermatitis

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45
Q

A __ is a small brown or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin.
A: stain
B: sebaceous cyst
C: skin tag
D: keratoma

A

C: skin tag

46
Q

Between 80 percent and 85 percent of skin aging is caused by ___.
A: genetic factors
B: tobacco use
C: poor diet
D: sun exposure

A

D: sun exposure

47
Q

___ is an allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance.
A: sensitization
B: impetigo
C: anhidrosis
D: conjunctivitis

A

A: sensitization

48
Q

As it grows, the ___ slides across the nail bed.
A: cuticle
B: nail plate
C: nail grooves
D: mantle

A

B: nail plate

49
Q

The nail plate is formed by the ___.
A: matrix cells
B: cuticle
C: mantle
D: grooves

A

A: mstrix cells

50
Q

Which of the following may appear to be one solid piece, but is actually constructed of about 100 layers of nail cells?
A: lunula
B: nail bed
C: nail folds
D: nail plate

A

D: nail plate

51
Q

The part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe is called the ___.
A: cuticle area
B: nail body
C: free edge
D: extension

A

C: free edge

52
Q

The portion of living skin that supports the nail plate is the nail ___.
A: root
B: bed
C: groove
D: matrix

A

B: bed

53
Q

Karen is very nervous at her first job interview. Her hands are sweating so much that she thinks her fingernails are sweating. In reality, from which part of the nail unit is the sweat most likely arising?
A: lunula
B: nail bed
C: nail folds
D: nail plate

A

C: nail folds

54
Q

The area of the nail where the nail plate cells are formed is the ___.
A: extension
B: matrix
C: lunula
D: free edge

A

B: matrix

55
Q

The tough band of fibrous tissue that onnects bones is the ___.
A: bed epithelium
B: ligament
C: open muscle
D: nail tendon

A

B: ligament

56
Q

A longer nail matrix produces a ___ nail plate.
A: longer
B: shorter
C: thicker
D: thinner

A

C: thicker

57
Q

Nail growth rates increase dramatically during ___.
A: winter
B: old age
C: the last trimester of pregnancy
D: after pregnancy and the delivery of a baby

A

C: the last trimester of pregnancy

58
Q

The surface of a healthy natural nail should be ___.
A: smooth and spotted
B: flexible and spotted
C: smooth and unspotted
D: pitted and rough

A

C: smooth and unspotted

59
Q

Which type of nail has a noticeably thin, white nail plate, and is more flexible than a normal nail?
A: ingrown
B: bitten
C: leukonychia
D: eggshell

A

C: leukonychia

60
Q

Redness, pain, and swelling are best described as signs of a(n) ___.
A: cosmetic defect
B: deformity
C: infection
D: abrasion

A

C: infection

61
Q

A dark band within the nail plate extending from the base to the free edge due to increased pigmentation is known as ___.
A: melanin nails
B: onycholysis
C: onychophagy
D: melanonychia

A

D: melanonychia

62
Q

Melanocytes are ___.
A: stem cells
B: pre-cancerous cells
C: infection fighters
D: pigment cells

A

D: pigment cells

63
Q

An individual who bites his or her nails may be said to have ___.
A: onychocryptosis
B: trumpet nail
C: onychomucosis
D: onychophagy

A

D: onychophagy

64
Q

Split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges and a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate is known as ___.
A: onychophagy
B: onychophosis
C: onychorrhexis
D: plicatured nails

A

D: plicatured nails

65
Q

Moriah has a nail deformity. The general term fro her condition is ___.
A: onyx
B: onychia
C: onychosis
D: onychophosis

A

C: onychosis

66
Q

Which of the following is an infectious nail condition?
A: onychomycosis
B: nail psoriasis
C: onychocrypathology
D: onycholysis

A

A: onychomycosis

67
Q

___ refers to a fungal infection of the nail.
A: onychocryptosis
B: onychopathology
C: onychomycosis
D: onychophagy

A

C: onychomycosis

68
Q

Which parasite, under some conditions, can cause infections to the feet and hands?
A: onychiosis
B: flagella
C: fungi
D: plicature

A

C: fungi

69
Q

If a cosmetologist provides a service to a client with a fungal infection, it is ___ that the cosmetologist will get that infection from the client.
A: extremely unlikely
B: possible
C: probable
D: extremely likely

A

D: extremely likely

70
Q

Discolorations of the nail plate from infections of the fingernails or toenails are usually the result of a ___.
A: mold
B: fungus
C: viral infection
D: bacterial infection

A

D: bacterial infection

71
Q

The lifting of the nail plate rom the bed without shedding is a sign of ___.
A: onychomadesis
B: nail psoriasis
C: eggshell nails
D: onycholysis

A

D: onycholysis

72
Q

What term refers to the scientific study of hair and its diseases and care?
A: trichology
B: cosmetology
C: selenology
D: cartology

A

A: trichology

73
Q

The Greek word trichos means ___.
A: skin
B: fingernails
C: glands
D: hair

A

D: hair

74
Q

The pocket or tube-like depression in the scalp or skin that contains the hair root is the hair ___.
A: bulb
B: follicle
C: shaft
D: dermal

A

B: follicle

75
Q

What structures contain the blood and nerve supply that provide the nutrients needed for hair growth?
A: sebaceous glands
B: dermal papillae
C: hair bulbs
D: furuncles

A

A: sebaceous glands

76
Q

What is the outer most layer of hair?
A: hair follicle
B: hair medulla
C: hair cuticle
D: hair cortex

A

C: hair cuticle

77
Q

The fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells that contains melanin pigment is the ___.
A: cuticle
B: sebum
C: cortex
D: medulla

A

D: medulla

78
Q

The changes involved in oxidation haircoloring, wet setting, thermal styling, permanent waving, and chemical hair relaxing take place within the ___.
A: cuticle
B: cortex
C: medulla
D: dermal papilla

A

A: cuticle

79
Q

The major elements that make up human hair are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, often referred to as ___.
A: COHNS elements
B: dermal foundation
C: amino acids
D: keratins

A

A: COHNS elements

80
Q

The units of structure that build protein and are joined together end to end like pop beads are ___.
A: oxygenated cells
B: primary acids
C: amino acids
D: lymph glands

A

C: amino acids

81
Q

A physical side bond that is easily broken by water and heat is a ___ bond.
A: nitrogen
B: hydrogen
C: disulfide
D: sulfur

A

B: hydrogen

82
Q

What is the growth phase during which new hair is produced?
A: genesis
B: telogen
C: anagen
D: catagen

A

C: anagen

83
Q

The condition of abnormal hair growth of terminal hair is referred to as ___.
A: monilethrix
B: ringed hair
C: hypertrichosis
D: trichoptilosis

A

C: hypertrichosis

84
Q

What is a condition that is charaterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft?
A: fragilitas crinium
B: trichorrhexis nodosa
C: alopecia areata
D: hypertrichosis

A

B: trichorrhexis nodosa

85
Q

What is the technical term for brittle hair?
A: hypertrichosis
B: pityriasis capitis simplex
C: pruritis
D: fragilitas crinium

A

D: fragilitas crinium

86
Q

What is the medical term used to describe dandruff?
A: alopecia
B: selenium
C: pityriasis
D: pyrithione

A

C: pityriasis

87
Q

Which type of hair has the largest diameter and usually requires more processing?
A: terminal hair
B: coarse hair
C: medium hair
D: gray hair

A

D: gray hair

88
Q

Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require a ___ solution.
A: less alkaline
B: more acidic
C: neutral
D: more alkaline

A

B: more acidic

89
Q

The ability of hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking is referred to as hair ___.
A: density
B: elasticity
C: porosity
D: resistance

A

B: elasticity

90
Q

Chemically combining two or more atoms produces a __.
A: mixture
B: substance
C: molecule
D: miscible

A

C: molecule

91
Q

What type of chemical reaction results in the oxidizing agent being reduced and the reducing agent being oxidized?
A: decomposition
B: simple displacement
C: neutralization
D: redox

A

D: redox

92
Q

The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light, is known as ___.
A: implosion
B: combustion
C: entrophy
D: synthesis

A

B: combustion

93
Q

A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions is a ___.
A: physical mixture
B: physical blend
C: pure substance
D: pure combination

A

D: pure combination

94
Q

Air contains many substances, including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, and is an example of a ___.
A: physical mixture
B: chemical change
C: pure substance
D: chemical compound

A

C: pure substance

95
Q

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances in a solvent is a(n) ___.
A: blend
B: solute
C: solution
D: emulsion

A

C: solution

96
Q

Water and alcohol ___.
A: are insoluble substances
B: form a suspension when mixed together
C: form distinct layers when combined
D: are examples of miscible liquids

A

D: are examples of miscible liquids

97
Q

Substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify, are ___.
A: suspensions
B: mixtures
C: particles
D: surfacants

A

D: surfacants

98
Q

“Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)” is defined as ___.
A: lipophilic
B: oligophilic
C: lyophilic
D: oxyphilic

A

A: lipophilic

99
Q

What term refers to the seperation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions?
A: ionization
B: aeration
C: deionization
D: dissolution

A

A: ionization

100
Q

Which material is a good conductor of electricity?
A: rubber
B: silk
C: glass
D: copper

A

D: copper

101
Q

Which phrase best describes direct current?
A: rapid and interupted flow
B: associated with wall outlets
C: produced by chemical means
D: travels in two directions

A

C: produced by chemical means

102
Q

Rapid and interupted current that flows in one direction and then in the opposite direction is known as __ current.
A: alternating
B: auxiliary
C: direct
D: sporadic

A

A: alternating

103
Q

What unit measures the resistance of an eletric current?
A: ampere
B: ohm
C: watt
D: volt

A

B: ohm

104
Q

A special device that prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit is a(n) ___.
A: amp
B: ampere
C: fuse
D: insulator

A

C: fuse

105
Q

When working with electricity, appliances with a __ offer the most protection for you and your clients.
A: two-prong plug with both prongs the same size
B: two-prong plug with one prong slightly larger
C: three-prong plug
D: grounded universal plug

A

C: three prong plug

106
Q

A positive electrode is called a(n) ___.
A: anode
B: active electrode
C: cathode
D: modality

A

A: anode

107
Q

What is the process o infusing water-soluble products into the skin using electric current?
A: desincrustation
B: iontophoresis
C: anaphoresis
D: cataphoresis

A

B: iontophoresis

108
Q

What is the shortest and least penetrating light of the electromagnetic spectrum?
A: blue light
B: infared light
C: ultraviolet light
D: red light

A

C: ultraviolet light

109
Q

It is estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer and that 90 percent of those cancers will be the result of exposure to ___.
A: UV radiation
B: X-rays
C: microwaves
D: infrared rays

A

A: UV radiation

110
Q

What general term refers to a color component within the skin such as blood or melanin?
A: chromosome
B: chromatin
C: chromophore
D: chromotype

A

C: chromotype

State Boards: Cosmetology (4 decks)

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