Scientific Basis Flashcards
What are the three types of imaginary planes used to divide section of our body?
How does sagittal plane divide section of our body?
Right and left
How does frontal/Coronal plane divide section of our body?
Anterior and posterior
How does transverse/horizontal plane divide section of our body?
Superior (upper) & inferior (lower)
Which side of the tongue is the anterior surface?
Ventral/Anterior side is the bottom
What is the difference between medial and lateral.
Medial=midline & Lateral=away from mid line
what does contralateral mean?
Opposite side of the body
Superficial vs deep?
What does proximal mean?
opposite of Proximal
What does superior/Cranial mean?
Toward the head/upper
What does inferior/Caudal mean?
Away from the head
What does Apex mean?
Narrow end/tip of a conical structure. The Apex is at the tip of your root which is a conical structure.
What are the two ways/processes by which bones are formed?
- Intramembranous ossification
- Endochondral Ossification
What is the difference between bone vs Cartilage?
- Bones are the hard, inelastic and a tough organ that forms part of the vertebral skeleton.
- Cartilage is a soft, elastic and flexible connective tissue that protects the bone from rubbing against each other.
The two ways/processes by which bones are formed are Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral Ossification. What is their difference?
No Cartilage is present in Intramembranous ossification and in Endochondral Ossification cartilage is a precursor and is gradually replaced by bones made by osteoblasts.
What is a cartilage?
Cartilage is a soft, elastic and flexible connective tissue that protects the bone from rubbing against each other.
What is Intramembranous Ossification?
It is a bone formation process that begins as fibrous membrane of COLLAGEN + BLOOD VESSELS + OSTEOBLASTS. Ex- Flat bones of the skull
1) Osteoblasts:- bone forming cells
2) Osteoclasts: bone destroying cells
3) Osteocytes: mature bone cells embedded in bone matrix and maintain bone.
Important: No CARTILAGE is present.
What is Endochondral Ossification?
cartilage is present as a precursor and is gradually replaced by bones made by osteoblasts. Ex-Long bones
What are bony prominences?
Are parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons.
Ex: Condyle, Tuberosity, Tubercle, Arch, Spine.
Define the following bony prominence (parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons)
CONDYLE
Ex: Mandibular condyle
Define the following bony prominence (parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons)
TUBEROSITY
Ex: Maxillary Tuberosity
Define the following bony prominence (parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons)
TUBERCLE/EMINENCE
Ex: Genial Tubercle
Define the following bony prominence (parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons)
ARCH
Ex: Maxillary Arch
Define the following bony prominence (parts of a bone that are immediately below the skin and are used as attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons)
SPINE
Ex: Spine of out vertebra or anterior nasal spine
What are Bony depressions? Give example
Depressions are indentations on the surface of bones that provide passage of blood vessels and other tissues. Ex Notch, Sulcus, Fossa
Define the bony depression below?
Notch
Define the bony depression below?
Sulcus
Define the bony depression below?
Fossa
What are the two types of skeletal articulations?
1) Joints: further divided by type of movement allowed and could be immovable, slightly moveable or free
2)Sutures: fibrous joints on the skull bones are held together with
What is the only moveable joint in the skull?
TMJ=Temporomandibular joint
What are bony opening and what are their uses? Give example?
Bony Openings openings on bones and they are primarly where blood vessels & nerves pass into/through bone. Ex. foramen, canal, meatus and fissure.
Define the bony opening below and it’s use?
Foramen
Define the bony opening below and it’s use?
Canal
Define the bony opening below and it’s use?
Meatus
Define the bony opening below and it’s use?
Fissure
What are skeletal articulations? What are the three types of articulation?
Articulation is a joint or a place where two or more bones meet. There are three types
1) Immovable joints(Synarthrosis)
Ex. Skull sutures, fibrous joint holding tooth in place
2) Slightly moveable joints(Amphiarthrosis)
Ex. vertebrae, pubic bones
3) Freely moveable joints(Diarthrosis)
Ex. knees, elbows
The bones in your skull can be divided into two parts. What are the two categories of bones in the skull?
1) Cranial bones: which form the cranium. 2) Facial bones: which make up the face.
What are the six bones of the cranium and how many are each type?
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
What are the 8 parts of the facial bones? How many are each parts?
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Nasal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)
Where is frontal bone (part of cranial bone) Located?
Forehead & top portion of the orbit (place where the eyes are located).
Where are the landmarks of the frontal bone (part of cranial bone)?
A) Supraorbital notch
B) Zygomatic process of frontal bone
C)Lacrimal fossa
Where are Parietal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) Located?
Located at the sides of the Cranium. The two parietal bones articulate with each other @ sagittal sutures. Parietal bone forms sutures with other bones.
What are the sutures the parietal bones forms with other bones?
1) Coronal Suture
2) Lambdoidal Suture
3) Squamosal Suture
(Sagittal suture is a suture formed between the two parietal bones)
Location of Squamosal suture?
Where are Temporal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) Located?
Forms the lateral wall of the skull.
What are the three portions of the Temporal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) ?
A) Squamous portion
B) Tympanic portion
C) Petrous portion
Define the following portion of the Temporal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) ?
A) Squamous portion
It is the largest portion of the temporal bone and forms the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
It forms the cranial portion of the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Define the following portion of the Temporal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) ?
B) Tympanic portion
Forms the most of the external Auricular meatus (opening).
Define the following portion of the Temporal bones (2) (part of cranial bone) ?
C) Petrous portion
It is located inferiorly and contains mastoid process. The mastoid process provides attachment for Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
It contains the styloid process and internal auricular meatus.
Where is Occipital bone (part of cranial bone) Located?
A) forms posterior portion of the skull.
B) Contains foramen magnum where spinal cord enters the brain
c) Articulates with the first cervical vertebrae (also called atlas)
Where is Sphenoid bone (part of cranial bone) Located?
It is a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two wings and projections. It is a 3 paired process
Where are the three paired processes of Sphenoid bone (part of cranial bone)?
1) The lessor sphenoid wing
2) The greater sphenoid wing
3) Pterygoid process
The sphenoid bone has three paired processes. Describe the
The lessor sphenoid wing
The lessor sphenoid wing forms
1) the top of superior orbital fissure;
2) optic foramen: optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through it
The sphenoid bone has three paired processes. Describe the
The Greater sphenoid wing
The Greator sphenoid wing forms the inferior border of the superior orbital fissure; foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
The sphenoid bone has three paired processes. Describe the
The pterygoid processes
The pterygoid processes are extensions of the basal surface of the sphenoid body. Each process consists of a
1) medial pterygoid plate and
2) a lateral pterygoid plate.
What is the gland associated with sphenoid bone?
The sphenoid bone lies at the base of your skull, and in this bone is a small, cup-shaped depression called the sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”). Lying in this depression is a round ball of tissue, about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) in diameter, called the pituitary gland(Master gland)
Where is the Ethmoid bone (part of cranial bone) located?
The ethmoid bone is a cube-shaped bone located in the center of the skull between the eyes. It helps form the walls of the eye socket, or orbital cavity, as well as the roof, sides, and interior of the nasal cavity
Describe the shape and location of the Ethmoid bone(Part of the cranial bone)?
The ethmoid bone is a cube-shaped bone located in the center of the skull between the eyes. It is a Very light and sponge-like in texture, the ethmoid bone is one of the most complex bones of the face.
Describe the parts of the structure of the skull that the ethmoid(part of the cranial bones) bone forms?
It helps form the
1) walls of the eye socket (orbital cavity),
2) the roof, sides, and interior of the nasal cavity.
The Ethmoid bone (part of cranial bone) contains?
It contains:
A) ethmoid sinuses
B) cribiform plate (passage of olfactory nerves)-nerve for smelling
C) crista galli (attachment for dura mater (meninges) of brain);
D) superior &middle nasal conchae
What are the functions of Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)? (part of facial bones)
They are also called nasal turbinal.
For air flow direction, rapid warming and
Humidification
What are the functions of Nasal Bones (2)? (part of facial bones)
Forms the bridge of the nose
Heating ad filtering inhaled air
What part of the wall of the orbit of the eye socket does the Lacrimal bones (2) form? (part of facial bones)
The medial wall of the orbit
Where do you find the nasal lacrimal duct? (in relation to the Lacrimal bone)
At the junction of lacrimal duct with maxillary bones.
Where are the Zygomatic bones (2) located and what do they protect? (Part of the facial bones)
The zygomatic bone (or zygoma) is a paired, irregular bone that defines the anterior and lateral portions of the face.
The zygomatic complex is involved in the protection of the contents of the orbit and the contour of the face and cheeks
The Benefits of zygomatic dental implants include: A strong foundation for dental restorations: Zygomatic implants provide strong foundations for restorations such as dental bridges or dentures, allowing patients to regain the ability to speak and chew comfortably.
What is the Zygomatic Arch?
The zygomatic arch, formed by contributions from the temporal bone (zygomatic process of the temporal bone) and the zygoma (Temporal process of the zygomatic bone), plays a pivotal role in both the midface structural integrity and aesthetic appearance.
The zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial arteries, as well as nerves, pass through the foramina found in the zygomatic bone. injury to this bone causes facial disfiguration and nerve/vessel damages.
What parts of the face does the maxillary bone (2) form? (Part of the facial bones)
The maxillary bones form the
1) upper part of the jaw
2) the roof of the mouth
3) parts of the eye socket 9Lower and medial rims of the Orbit)
4) nose (border of the nasal cavity)
The body of Maxillary bone (2) contains maxillary sinus. What is its (Maxillary Sinus) function? (NEED TO BE ABLE TO LOCATE THESE IN x-RAY)
There are two large maxillary sinuses, one in each of the maxillary bones, which are in the cheek area next to the nose. The maxillary sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
What are the important land marks of the maxillary bone (2)? (Part of the facial bones) Know this bone well!!!
1) IO(infra orbital ) Foramen: palpable on face, important landmark during anesthesia
2) Canine fossa: important landmark during anesthesia
3) Socket (alveoli) for maxillary teeth: teeth are found
4) Canine eminence: important landmark during anesthesia
5) Maxillary tuberosity: behind distal molar, important landmark during anesthesia
6) Zygomatic process: important landmark during anesthesia
7) Palatine process (Hard palate (anterior)): important landmark during anesthesia
8) Median palatine suture: important landmark during anesthesia
9) Incisive foramen: important landmark during anesthesia
Hildana did it help knowing (Fossa, eminence, tuberosity and suture)
What parts of the face does the palatine bones (2) form? (Part of the facial bones)
Palatine bones form
1) Lateral walls of the nasal cavity
2) Posterior portion of the hard palate
3) Small part of the orbital apex
you find the greater palatine foramen in this bone which is important landmark for anesthesia
What does the Vomer (1) bone form and where is it located? (Part of facial bones)
It forma posterior portion of the nasal septum and is located in midsagittal line. (hildana what is mid sagittal line?)
Why makes the mandible (1) unique from the other facial bones? (Part of facial bones)
It is the largest and the only moveable facial bone
Why are the tow parts of the mandible (1) (Part of facial bones)
The body and the ramus
What structures/landmarks do you find in the body of the mandible (1)? (Part of facial bones)
1) Mental protuberance: Chin
2) Symphysis (Midline): Midline of the chin/seen on x-ray(sometimes faint)
3) Alveolar process: contains roots
4) Sockets (Alveoli):
5) Mental foramen: located around apex of premolars
6) Genial tubercles: by the symphysis
7) Retro molar triangle: behind(retro) last molar
8) Submandibular fossa: contain salivary glands. Locate in x-ray
9) Sublingual fossa: contain salivary glands. Locate in x-ray
What structures/landmarks do you find in the ramus of the mandible (1)? (Part of facial bones)
1) External oblique line:
2) Mandibular foramen: important for anesthesia. Large mandibular block is done here.
3) Condyle: articulate with temporal bone forming moveable part of TMJ
4) Lingula: little projection located by mandible foramen and overlaps it
5) Coronoid process:
6) Coronoid Notch: you place your thumb here when doing mandibular block. KNOW THS
7) Mandibular Notch:
(foramen, notch)
