Sciences paroles

Question 1

Différents types de signaux acoustiques

3

Answer 1

• signal périodique / pur
  (cycles d’ondes se répètent parfaitement; sinusoidal)
• signal complexe périodique
  (2+ fréquences reliées-multiples)
• signal apériodique
  (onde se répète pas: bruit, fricative, etc.)

Question 2

Que veut dire:
p
f
c / v
λ

Answer 2

p = période (en s)
f = fréquence (en Hz - cycle par seconde))
c / v = vitesse son dans milieu
λ = longueur d’onde

Question 3

Décroissance typique d’amplitude par distance

Answer 3

Décroissance de 6dB à chaque dédoublement de distance si coefficient absorbtion de pièce est 1 (totale; anéchoique)

Question 4

Analyse de Fourier?

Answer 4

• décomposition de l’amplitude de chaque fréquence qui compose le son
  (p. ex. pour son périodique complexe - F0, 2F0, 3F0, etc.)

Question 5

définition système acoustique

Answer 5

système modifie propriétés d’un signal

input –> system –> output

Question 6

Elements of respiratory system

Answer 6

Pulmonary apparatus
- upper airway: 
nasal cavities; oral cavity; pharynx
- lower airway:
larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveola; lungs

Chest wall

Abdomen
- thorax
rib cage; diaphragm

Question 7

Hierarchy of bronchial tree

4

Answer 7

trachea –>

bronchi (2 primary; 5 secondary; 18-20 tertiary) –>

bronchioles (> terminal bronchioles > repiratory bronchioles) –>

alveolar sacs

Question 8

site of gas exchange (w blood) in lungs

Answer 8

alveolar sacs
(exchange the air - both O2/CO2 - in capillaries

Question 9

what keeps alveoli inflated

Answer 9

pulmonary surfactant

Question 10

how to lungs and thorax work in unity?

Answer 10

• lungs can’t expand/contract by themselves; need external force
• pleuras cover lung and inside of thorax
• pleural cavity filled with fluid
• intrapleural pressure is negative (due to lungs/thorax pulling opposite directions at rest) to “glue” lungs and thorax.

Question 11

Boyle’s Law

Answer 11

if volume of gas increases, pressure decreases

Question 12

Law of gas movement

Answer 12

if difference in pressure between two linked spaces, gas will move from high pressure area to low pressure area until equilibrium

Question 13

Difference between pulmonary volumes and capacity

Answer 13

pulmonary capacities:
combinations of pulmonary volumes

pulmonary volumes:
don’t overlap

Question 14

Names of 
pulmonary volumes (4)
pulmonary capacities (4)

Answer 14

Pulmonary volumes
- tidal volume
(volume inspired in one respiratory cycle)
(resting tidal volume - at rest)
- inspiratory reserve volume
(volume that could go in lungs beyond TV)
- expiratory reserve volume
(volume that could go out of lungs beyond TV)
- residual volume
(volume left after forced exhale - quantity that can’t be expired due to pneumothorax unity - dead air)

Pulmonary capacities:
- total capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
- vital capacity
IRV + ERV + RV
- inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV
- functional residual capacity
ERV + RV

Question 15

tidal volume needed as percentage of vital capacity for:

• life breathing (RTV)
• speech
• loud speech

Answer 15

life breathing = 10%
speech breathing = 20%
loud speech breathing = 40%

Question 16

Differences between life breathing and breathing for speech (5)

Answer 16

where you breathe from
(nose for life VS mouth for speech)

inspiratory/expiratory ratio
(40:60 VS 10:90)

volume of air
(10% of TLC VS 20-25% for normal speech, 40% for loud speech)

muscular activity for expiration
(passive - elastic forces VS active)

shape of chest wall
(abdomen distal VS medial to rib cage) (pre-tuned for speech)