Sciences

Question 1

What are the main organic molecule classes in living organisms?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 2

What are the main nutrient types in human nutrition?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, fiber.

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

Large molecules are broken down to smaller ones by the addition of water

Question 4

Condensation

Answer 4

Smaller molecules are built up into bigger ones by the removal of a water molecule

Question 5

Carbohydrate classes:
Monosaccharides

Answer 5

The simplest carbohydrate
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 6

Disaccharides

Answer 6

Two monosaccharides joined together
Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Several smaller monosaccharides
Ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 8

monomer

Answer 8

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Question 9

Polysaccharide:
Starch

Answer 9

Polymer of glucose
Made by plants
Stores energy
A branching molecule

Question 10

Polysaccharide:
Glycogen

Answer 10

Polymer of glucose
Made by animals
Stores energy
A branching molecule

Question 11

Polysaccharide:
Cellulose

Answer 11

Polymer of glucose
Made by plants, bacteria, algae ect
Provides structure & strength to plant cells/bodies
Main component of a plant cell wall (unbranched)

Question 12

How are amino acids joined together to form proteins?

Answer 12

Two amino acids are joined by a covalent bond to form a dipeptide.

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the condensation reaction?

Answer 13

Formation of a larger molecule
Elimination of water
Requires enzyme
Requires ATP
Forms bonds

Question 14

Triglycerides: Saturated fatty acids

Answer 14

Regular cubic shape
Stack easily
Solid
Higher risk of deposits in arteries (stroke, heart attack, coronary heart disease)

Question 15

Triglycerides: Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 15

Irregular shape
Dont stack easily
Liquid
Lower risk of deposits in arteries

Question 16

What are the 5 components (phases) of human nutrition?

Answer 16

Ingestion: Food intake into the body

Digestion: Breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller ones

Absorption: Movement of small
nutrient molecules from the gut lumen to the blood.

Assimilation: Movement of nutrient molecules from the blood into body cells.

Egestion: Elimination of un-digested food and other materials (waste).

Question 17

Associated organs

Answer 17

salivary glands - help digestion, oral hygiene, tase, protection and lubrication.
liver
gall bladder
pancreas - makes pancreatic juices called enzymes.

Question 18

Mechanical digestion

Answer 18

Chewing, muscle contractions in stomach, peristalsis (muscle contractions that control the movement of the food through the digestive tract).

Question 19

Chemical digestion

Answer 19

Catabolic (breaking down) reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones.

Question 20

STARCH chemical digestion

Answer 20

Starch + water —(amylase)–> maltose
Hydrolysis reaction
Occurs in the small intestine
Optimum pH = 7
Amylase is produced in the pancreas

Question 21

STARCH chemical digestion PT2

Answer 21

Maltose + water —(maltase)–> individual glucose molecules

Question 22

PROTEINS chemical digestion

Answer 22

Protein + water —(pepsin)–> smaller polypeptides
Hydrolysis reaction
Occurs in the stomach
Optimum pH = 2

Question 23

PROTEINS chemical digestion PT2

Answer 23

Smaller polypeptides + water –(proteases)–> individual amino acids

Question 24

What important substances does the pancreas produce and secrete?

Answer 24

Amylase, proteases, lipase, insulin, glucagon

Question 25

Amylase function

Answer 25

Break down the bonds of starch molecules, transforming complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Question 26

Proteases function

Answer 26

Breaking down bonds of protein smaller polypeptides into individual amino acids.