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Plumbing Level 2 > Science unit 1 (Hydronics and pneumatics) > Flashcards

Science unit 1 (Hydronics and pneumatics) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Hydraulics?
What are the to categories it can be split into and what are they?

A

Hydraulics: The study of Liquids
Hydrodynamics: is the study of liquids in motion
Hydrostatics: is the study of liquids in a stationary state

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2
Q

What is Pneumatics?

A

Pneumatics: Is the study of Gas

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3
Q

What is a defining Characteristic of Liquids?

A

Liquid: Definite volume but not definite shape (it takes the shape of its container)

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4
Q

What is a defining Characteristic of Gas?

A

Gas: Has no definite shape or volume

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5
Q

How are liquids and gasses similar?

A

Liquids and gases are similar in that they are both made up of matter and can both be made to flow through a pipe

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6
Q

Define Matter

A

Matter: anything that has both mass and volume

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7
Q

Define Mass

A

Mass: The amount of matter in a body (Measured in grams)

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8
Q

Define Weight

A

Weight: is a measure of the force of gravity acting on a mass (Measured in Newtons or Pounds)

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9
Q

Define Volume:

A

Volume: The amount of space occupied by a body (Measured in cubic units ft cubed or cm cubed)

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10
Q

Define Capacity

A

Capacity: The amount of space within a container (measured in Liters or Gallons)

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11
Q

Define Density

A

Density: The amount of matter in a body divided by the volume

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12
Q

Define Specific Gravity (relative density):

A

Specific Gravity (relative density): is the density of a material compared (divided by) to the density of a standard comparison material (ex: Liquids or solids to water, and Gasses to Air)

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13
Q

Define Specific Volume

A

Specific Volume: is the amount of volume occupied by a unit mass of a material (volume divided by mass)

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14
Q

Define Viscosity and what happens to it when temperatures increase

A

Viscosity: the measure of thickness of a liquid
- When temperature increases viscosity decreases

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15
Q

Define Adhesion

A

Adhesion: The bonding of dissimilar materials or substances (Ex glue, or solder)

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16
Q

Define Cohesion

A

Cohesion: The tendency of some substance to resist contact with another substance.

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17
Q

Define Capillary action
and give an example in the plumbing industry of it

A

Capillary action: Tendency of the surface of a liquid to rise in a solid narrow tube. Using both adhesion and cohesion. A perfect example of this is soldering, the adhesion pulls the solder further into the pipe gap, well the cohesion pull or solder with that solder.
Adhesion is the more important force in Capillary action

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18
Q

Define Meniscus and what concave vs Convex looks like

A

Meniscus: is the name of the curved upper surface of a water column
- Concave means the walls of the container are wetted (Adhesive)
- Convex means the walls are not wetted (Cohesive)

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19
Q

Define Immersed

A

Immersed: fully covered in water

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20
Q

Define Submerged

A

Submerged: fully covered in water

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21
Q

Define Emersed

A

Emersed: standing in but is rising out of the water

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22
Q

Define Absorb

A

Absorb: to soak up into a body

23
Q

Define Adsorb

A

Adsorb: to take up and hold on to an outside surface

24
Q

Define Imbibe

A

Imbibe: Means to drink deeply

25
Q

What is Pascals Law

A

Pascal’s Law: A confined liquid transmits added pressure equally in all directions throughout the liquid, and that this pressure acts at right angles to all surfaces.

26
Q

What is Boyles law

A

Boyle’s Law: the volume of a confined gas varies inversely with the absolute pressure if the temperature is held constant in a closed system.

27
Q

What is Charles Law

A

Charles Law: the volume of a confined gas is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas, when the absolute pressure is constant.

28
Q

Define Area

A

Area: is the amount of surface space within a geometric shape

29
Q

Define Force

A

Force: is push or pull acting on a body

30
Q

Define Buoyancy

A

Buoyancy: is the force which tends to lift a body within a fluid

31
Q

Where is Buoyancy used in plumbing?

A

Where is Buoyancy used in plumbing?
Float control
Flush tanks
Pill switch
Sump pump on/off switch

32
Q

Define Pressure

A

Pressure (P): the magnitude of the application of force to a surface

33
Q

Define Gauge Pressure

A

Gauge Pressure (Pg): is the pressure measured by a gauge

34
Q

Define Atmospheric Pressure

A

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm): refers to the pressure of air acting down amount a specific location, at sea level Patm is 14.7psi

35
Q

Define Absolute pressure

A

Absolute pressure (Pabs): is the sum of both Pg and Patm and are often used with calculations involving gases

36
Q

What are 3 ways to measure Pressure

A

3 ways to measure pressure:
Open standpipe, Bourdon tube pressure gauge, Manometer (only for low pressures), and Barometer

37
Q

Define a Partial vacuum

A

Partial Vacuum: Represents any pressure less than atmospheric pressure (not a perfect vacuum)

38
Q

What is a example of a Partial vacuum

A

Give one example of a partial vacuum.
Syphon

39
Q

List three places that syphons are used in plumbing?

A

List three places that syphons are used in plumbing?
Toilets, flush tanks, self-emptying septic tanks

40
Q

What is Draw Down Volume

A

Draw Down Volume: Volume of water that can be removed from a pressure tank between pump cut out and pump cut-in pressures

41
Q

What are the 2 systems Absolute temperatures can be expressed as?

A

Absolute temperatures:
Kelvin = Degrees C + 273
Rankin = Degrees F + 460

42
Q

Explain Bernoulli’s Theorem

A

Explain Bernoulli’s Theorem.
The sum of Pressure Head, Elevation Head and Velocity Head is constant in a free flowing system.

43
Q

Define Flow Rate.

A

Define Flow Rate.
Flow rate is the quantity (volume) of water moving per time

44
Q

Define Velocity:

A

Define Velocity: Velocity is the linear distance per time of a moving fluid (speed)

45
Q

What is Laminar vs Turbulent flow?

A

Laminar: Streamline or straight, faster in the middle slower on the edges
Turbulent: Swirling or chaotic, many changes in speed and direction

46
Q

List 5 causes of Turbulent flow.

A

List 5 causes of Turbulent flow.
Rough inside surface of pipe, poor or improperly fitted joints, bend or elbows, valves, Viscosity

47
Q

What is one downside to turbulent flows?

A

What is one downside to turbulent flows?
Can result in pipe erosion

48
Q

In a steady flow situation as pipe size decreases does the velocity increase or decrease?

A

increase

49
Q

In a steady flow situation as velocity increases does the psi reading increase or decrease?

A

decrease

50
Q

What is pressure head

A

Pressure Head: is the height of fluid in feet that can be held up in a vertical column

51
Q

How is Velocity Head measured?

A

Pitot Tube

52
Q

What does Cavitation sound like?

A

Gravel in the system

53
Q

What is the most common cause of Cavitation?

A

Reduction of pressure

Plumbing Level 2 (11 decks)

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