science test revision- cells Flashcards
MRS C GREN STANDS FOR…?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Control
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
The three main parts to cell theory are…
- all organisms are composed of cells
- all living structures are composed of cells
- all cells are made from existing cells
what is the function of these parts of a cell:
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
starch grain
chloroplasts
vacuole
cell wall:
provides support and is strengthened with cellulose
cell membrane:
thin membrane which controls what goes in and out of the cell
cytoplasm:
many important reactions take place here
nucleus:
controls the cell and stores genetic information (DNA)
mitochondria:
this is where RESPIRATION takes place (AN IMPORTANT REACTION IN ALL LIVING THINGS TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD)
starch grain:
food store in plants
vacuole:
helps provide support in combination with the cell wall
what features does an animal cell have
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
what features does a plant cell have
cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria ,chloroplasts (not in underground cells), starch grain ( not in all plant cells)
label an animal cell and plant cell
refer to images
what are two features which you can see in an onion cell
- cell wall
- nucleus
why are there no chloroplasts in onion cells
onion bulbs are grown underground and therefore cannot photosynthesize as photosynthesis requires sunlight. This means they do not need chloroplasts.
what does the red blood cell do
Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.
what do white blood cells do
They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health. When your body is in distress and a particular area is under attack, white blood cells rush in to help destroy the harmful substance and prevent illness. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow.
why do onion cells not contain chloroplasts?
Since the onion bulb grows underground, it doesn’t see any sunlight and so it doesn’t have any chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
True or False: All living organisms are made up of cells.
True
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It contains the genetic material (DNA).
Fill in the blank: In plants, the cell wall is made of ______.
cellulose
What is the semi-permeable membrane that surrounds a cell called?
Cell membrane
Multiple choice: Which organelle is responsible for energy production? A) Ribosome B) Mitochondria
B) Mitochondria
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
They synthesize proteins.
True or False: Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types.
True
Fill in the blank: The genetic material in a cell is found in the ______.
nucleus
What is fertilization?
The fusion of male and female gametes. or the sperm and egg
True or False: All cells in an organism contain the same DNA.
True
What is the role of the chloroplast in plant cells?
It is responsible for photosynthesis.
Multiple choice: Which type of organism is composed of prokaryotic cells? A) Bacteria B) Plants
A) Bacteria
What is a gamete?
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
True or False: A zygote is formed when two gametes fuse together.
True
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a part of the cell theory? A) All cells arise from pre-existing cells B) Cells are the basic unit of life C) Cells can form from non-living matter
C) Cells can form from non-living matter
True or False: The cell wall is present in animal cells.
False
Fill in the blank: The liquid inside a cell is called ______.
cytoplasm
What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not.
Multiple choice: What is the primary function of lysosomes? A) Energy production B) Digestion of waste materials
B) Digestion of waste materials
What is an embryo?
An early stage of development after fertilization. Tiny new human life which grows by cell division from a fertelised egg cell
Fill in the blank: The structure that carries genetic information from parents to offspring is called ______.
DNA
True or False: All cells have a nucleus.
False
Multiple choice: Which structure controls what enters and leaves the cell? A) Cell wall B) Cell membrane
B) Cell membrane
What is a chromosome?
A thread-like structure made of DNA that carries genetic information.
True or False: DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
True
What is the role of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate the movement of substances.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction? A) Budding B) Fertilization
A) Budding
Multiple choice: Which type of cell is involved in fighting disease? A) Neuron B) White blood cell
B) White blood cell
Fill in the blank: The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out life processes is a ______.
cell
Multiple choice: Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? A) Mitochondria B) Chloroplast
B) Chloroplast
What is genetic variation?
Differences in DNA among individuals.
Fill in the blank: The process by which plants make their own food using sunlight is called ______.
photosynthesis
What is the purpose of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structure and support.
What is the role of the vacuole in plant cells?
To store nutrients and waste products.
What are the two types of reproductive cells in humans?
Egg cells and sperm cells.
True or False: Sperm cells are produced in the ovaries.
False.
Fill in the blank: The female reproductive cell is called a _____.
egg.
What is the male reproductive cell called?
Sperm.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is responsible for fertilization? A) Egg B) Sperm C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B.
Where are sperm cells produced?
In the testes.
What process involves the joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell?
Fertilization.
True or False: Egg cells are produced in the testes.
False.
What is the main function of the egg cell?
To provide genetic material and nutrients for the developing embryo.
What hormone is primarily responsible for the development of sperm cells?
Testosterone.
True or False: Sperm cells can live for several days inside the female reproductive tract.
True.
Fill in the blank: The fusion of an egg and a sperm forms a _____.
zygote.
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
To help the sperm penetrate the egg’s outer layer.
Multiple choice: Which structure in the female reproductive system is where fertilization usually occurs? A) Ovaries B) Uterus C) Fallopian tubes
C) Fallopian tubes.
True or False: Sperm cells are larger than egg cells.
False.
Multiple choice: How many sperm cells are typically produced from one spermatogonium? A) 1 B) 4 C) 2
B) 4.
True or False: Both egg and sperm cells undergo meiosis.
True.
What is the role of the zona pellucida?
It is the protective layer surrounding the egg that sperm must penetrate for fertilization.
What happens during fertilization?
The sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote.
Who is known for the experiments that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
What type of organisms did Francesco Redi use in his experiments?
Meat and flies
What was the main conclusion of Redi’s experiments?
Living organisms do not arise from non-living matter.
What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
To produce and deliver sperm
What are the main components of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
What is the role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?
Regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Multiple Choice: Which structure is responsible for the production of sperm?
Testes
True or False: Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ovary.
True
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
Fallopian tube
What is the process called when a sperm fertilizes an egg?
Fertilization
What is the lifespan of a sperm cell in the female reproductive tract?
Up to five days
What is the primary function of the uterus?
To support the development of a fertilized egg.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?
Ovary
What is the term for the shedding of the uterine lining if the egg is not fertelised?
Menstruation
True or False: The prostate gland is part of the female reproductive system.
False
What is the primary purpose of the scrotum?
To regulate the temperature of the testes.
Fill in the blank: The __________ stores the sperm until ejaculation.
Epididymis
Which reproductive system produces eggs?
Female reproductive system
What is the main function of the placenta during pregnancy?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. The organ that allows substances such as oxygen to pass between the mother’s blood and baby’s blood.
What is the term for the fertilized egg in the early stages of development?
Zygote
what is the urethra, penis, scrotum, testicle, prostate gland
URETHRA
the tube through which the sperm travel
PENIS
outer part of the male reproductive system that delivers the sperm
SCROTUM
holds the testicle outside the body
TESTICLE
site of sperm production, also produces testosterone
PROSTATE GLAND
adds liquid to the sperm
What are the oviduct, ovary, uterus, vagina, cervix
OVIDUCT
tubes along which eggs pass (fallopian tube). Each ovary is connected to the uterus via the oviduct (fallopian tube).
OVARY
site of egg storage and the female reproductive organ that releases egg cells.
UTERUS
a muscular bag in which the baby develops
VAGINA
tube into which the penis enters. the muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the woman’s body.
CERVIX
“doorway” between vagina and uterus
What is the primary function of egg cells?
To provide the genetic material and environment for the development of a fertilized embryo.
What is the primary function of sperm cells?
To deliver genetic material to the egg cell for fertilization.
True or False: Egg cells are smaller than sperm cells.
False
What is the term for the process by which sperm and egg cells are produced?
Gamete formation or gametogenesis.
How do sperm cells adapt to their function?
Sperm cells have a streamlined shape, a flagellum for movement, and enzymes in the acrosome to penetrate the egg.
How do egg cells adapt to their function?
Egg cells are larger, contain nutrients, and have protective layers to support fertilization and early development.
Fill in the blank: Identical twins are formed from a single fertilized egg that splits into __________.
two embryos.
Fill in the blank: Non-identical twins are formed from two separate __________.
fertilized eggs.
What is the genetic similarity of identical twins?
Identical twins share 100% of their genetic material.
What is the genetic similarity of non-identical twins?
Non-identical twins share about 50% of their genetic material.
True or False: Identical twins can be of different sexes.
False
What is the main factor that increases the likelihood of having non-identical twins?
Hyperovulation or the release of multiple eggs during ovulation.
What is the role of the zona pellucida in egg cells?
It is a protective glycoprotein layer that surrounds the egg and plays a role in fertilization.
What is the acrosome in sperm cells?
A cap-like structure that contains enzymes to help penetrate the egg’s protective layers.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sperm cells? A) Flagellum B) Large cytoplasm C) Acrosome D) Nucleus
B) Large cytoplasm
How many chromosomes do human egg and sperm cells contain?
Each contains 23 chromosomes.
True or False: Sperm cells are produced continuously throughout a man’s life.
True
What is the term for the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell?
Conception.
Fill in the blank: The fertilized egg is called a __________.
zygote.
What is the function of the yolk in an egg cell?
To provide nutrients for the developing embryo.
What is the term for the division of a zygote into multiple cells?
Cleavage.
Multiple Choice: Which type of twins are genetically identical? A) Fraternal B) Identical C) Non-identical D) All of the above
B) Identical
What hormone is responsible for the maturation of egg cells?
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
True or False: Fraternal twins result from the fertilization of one egg by two sperm.
False
What structure in the ovary releases the egg during ovulation?
Follicle.
Fill in the blank: The process of sperm maturation occurs in the __________.
epididymis.
What is the significance of the sperm’s mitochondria?
They provide energy for the sperm’s movement.
What is the term for the protective layer surrounding the sperm’s head?
Plasma membrane.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a factor that can influence the likelihood of having twins? A) Age B) Diet C) Genetics D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in female reproduction?
It stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and egg maturation.
True or False: Egg cells are produced in large quantities compared to sperm cells.
False
What is the primary difference between identical and fraternal twins?
Identical twins come from one fertilized egg, while fraternal twins come from two separate eggs.
Fill in the blank: The outermost layer of the egg cell is called the __________.
corona radiata.
What is the term for the period during which the fertilized egg implants into the uterus?
Implantation.
Multiple Choice: Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy? A) Estrogen B) Progesterone C) Testosterone D) Luteinizing hormone
B) Progesterone
How many sperm cells are typically released during ejaculation?
Approximately 1.5 to 5 million sperm cells.
True or False: Sperm cells can survive for several days in a female’s reproductive tract.
True
What is the main difference in the formation of identical twins compared to non-identical twins?
Identical twins form from the division of a single fertilized egg, while non-identical twins form from two separate eggs.
Fill in the blank: The process of sperm traveling through the female reproductive tract is known as __________.
capacitation.
What is the purpose of the sperm’s tail?
To propel the sperm toward the egg.
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
Genotype.
Multiple Choice: What is a key feature of the egg cell? A) Small size B) Motility C) Nutrient-rich environment D) None of the above
C) Nutrient-rich environment
True or False: The majority of fertilized eggs do not result in successful pregnancies.
True
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and remove waste.
Fill in the blank: The genetic contribution from the mother is contained in the __________.
egg cell.
What happens to the sperm’s acrosome during fertilization?
It releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg’s zona pellucida.
What is the role of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?
To nourish and support developing sperm cells.
True or False: Non-identical twins can be of different sexes.
True
What is the process by which an egg is released from the ovary called?
Ovulation.
Fill in the blank: The term for the fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei is __________.
syngamy.
How many eggs are typically released during a single ovulation cycle?
Usually one, but can be more in the case of fraternal twins.
What is the term for the stage of development immediately following fertilization?
Zygote stage.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect fertility? A) Age B) Smoking C) Exercise D) Eye color
D) Eye color
What is the significance of the midpiece in sperm cells?
It contains mitochondria that provide energy for movement.
True or False: Egg cells are produced throughout a woman’s life.
False
What is the role of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?
To provide a suitable environment for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
Fill in the blank: The time frame from fertilization to implantation is typically __________ days.
5 to 7 days.
What is a common method to increase the chances of having twins?
Fertility treatments that stimulate ovulation.
how long is the menstrual cycle and how long is the gap between periods.
For most women this happens around every 28 days, but it’s common for periods to be more or less frequent than this, ranging from every 21 days to every 35 days. Your period can last between 2 and 7 days, but it will usually last for about 5 days. The bleeding tends to be heaviest in the first 2 days.
where does human reproduction take place
sperm cells travel through the vagina to the uterus and fallopian tubes. In the fallopian tube, the sperm meets the egg that was released from the ovary during ovulation.
what are the:
placenta, embryo, uterus, fetus, cervix, cilia, ovulation, urethra, sperm duct/tube, erection, ejaculation, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord
placenta,
The placenta is a temporary organ that forms in your uterus during pregnancy.
embryo,
an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus).
uterus,
The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum
fetus,
An unborn offspring that develops and grows inside the uterus (womb) of humans and other mammals. usually used to describe the unborn baby after around eight weeks of pregnancy
cervix,
The lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb) that connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). The cervix allows fluids, such as menstrual blood, to pass from the uterus into the vagina. It also widens during the birth of a baby. The cervix has two main parts, the ectocervix and the endocervix.
cilia,
The function of cilia is to move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia. This process can either result in the cell moving through the water, typical for many single-celled organisms, or in moving water and its contents across the surface of the cell.
Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles that extend from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells. They are primordial.
Cilia - Ciliopathy Alliance
Ciliopathy Alliance
ovulation,
urethra,
sperm duct/tube,
erection,
ejaculation,
amniotic fluid,
fluid that surrounds the fetus and cushions it.
umbilical cord
gestation is..
the period between fertilisation and birth, also known as pregnancy.
sexual reproduction is….
producing new organisms by the joining of two sex cells.
asexual reproduction
producing new organisms from only one parent.
how did lazzaro spallanzani’s experiment with frogs in trousers advance our understanding of the beginnings of a living being.
a sperm has to fuse or join with an egg to produce a tadpole which will develop into an adult frog.
lazzaro spallanzani carried out his experiment on frogs, who reproduce through a process called ________________(1). However, most animals reproduce with a process called ______________________ (2). This increases the probability that the sperm will meet and ________(3) the egg.
(1) external fertilisation
(2) internal fertilisation
(3) fertilise
During human reproduction, the ______________(1) becomes ____________(2). It enters the _____________(3) and the _______(4) are released. The ____________ (5) swim up through the ______________(6) and ____________(7). they reach the _______________(8) (which is also called the __________________(9) tube) where one of them ___________(10) the ______________(11)
1) penis
2) erect
3) vagina
4) sperm
5) sperm
6) cervix
7)uterus
8)oviduct
9) fallopian
10)fertilises
11) egg
What changes happen to boys and girls during puberty
BOYS
testes grow
facial hair
broader shoulders
more muscular physique
voice breaks
adams apple
wet dreams
testosterone
GIRLS
breasts develop
menstruation
hips widen
estrogen
progesterone
BOTH
acne
growth spurts
armpit hair
pubic hair
body odours
mood swings
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Days 1-6
If an egg is not fertilised, the lining of the uterus is shed, it passes out of the vagina as a period
7-14
Uterus prepares for a fertilised egg by building up the lining of the uterus
14 (approx)
The egg is released from the ovary (ovulation) . The egg begins to travel down the oviduct
14-28
If the egg is not fertilised, the process begins again. If fertilised, the uterus lining gets thicker.
