science term 4

Question 1

Define Energy

Answer 1

Energy is the ability to make something happen.
Whenever anything happens or changes, an energy change has taken place. This energy is called work.

Question 2

List the types of action energy (5)

Answer 2

 Sound
 Heat (thermal)
 Light (electromagnetic)
 Kinetic
 Electrical

Question 3

Define kinetic energy with an example

Answer 3

Energy of motion.
e.g. cars, bikes, walking, wind, etc.

Question 4

Define light energy with an example

Answer 4

Also known as electromagnetic energy.
Usually results from very high levels of heat. Stars such as our Sun release light energy

Question 5

Define sound energy with an example

Answer 5

Caused by vibrating air particles
Like music

Question 6

Define electrical energy with an example

Answer 6

Generated by the movement of electrical charges, usually through a wire.
e.g. televisions, light bulbs,

Question 7

Define thermal (heat) energy with an example

Answer 7

Also known as thermal energy.
This occurs due to the movement of particles in objects and substances e.g fire

Question 8

List the types of potential energy (4)

Answer 8

 Chemical
 Gravitational
 Elastic
 Nuclear

Question 9

Define chemical potential energy with an example

Answer 9

Stored within chemical compounds, released by chemical reactions.
e.g. burning petrol, wood, coal or eating food.

Question 10

Define gravitational potential energy with an example

Answer 10

Energy stored in an object lifted above the Earth.
It changes into kinetic energy as the object falls.
e.g. roller coasters, slides, etc.

Question 11

Define elastic potential energy with an example

Answer 11

Stretched or compressed objects.
e.g. bow and arrow, rubber bands, springs.
Changes into kinetic energy when these are released

Question 12

Define nuclear potential energy with an example

Answer 12

Energy stored inside the centre (nucleus) of atoms as nuclear energy.
This energy is release by the splitting (fission) or combining (fusion) of atoms. E.g nuclear electricity

Question 13

Convert between Joules (J), kilojoules (kJ) and megajoules (MJ)

Answer 13

J-kg=divide by 1000
J-MJ=divide by 1,000,000
kg-MJ=divide by 1000

Question 14

State the law of conservation of energy

Answer 14

energy can never be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.

This means that: Energy might be passed on or wasted, but never lost.
If one object wastes energy, then it is always gained by another object, usually as heat.

Question 15

Define useful energy

Answer 15

the energy that goes towards the desired output of the end-use application

Question 16

Define waste energy

Answer 16

At each stage in the energy chain, some energy is lost from the system (

Question 17

Define energy efficiency

Answer 17

Efficiency is a measure of how much useful energy we get out compared to what goes in

The efficiency of a device is a way of saying how good it is at transferring energy as a useful output.
The efficiency of a device is given as a number between 0 and 1. The higher the number, the more efficient the device.

Question 18

Recall the formula for energy efficiency

Answer 18

efficiency % =useful energy output over total energy input times 100

Question 19

Define asexual reproduction

Answer 19

A form of reproduction where only one parent produces the offspring and no joining of sperm and eggs is involved
 The individual is produced by mitosis, creating two identical cells.
 Asexual reproduction can happen in animals in a number of ways, including:
 Budding
 Fission
 Parthenogenesis

Question 20

Define budding with an example

Answer 20

This involves the formation of a new organism from a small projection (bud) on the surface of the parent. This is common in organisms like hydras and corals.

Question 21

Define binary fission with an example

Answer 21

this process involves an organism splitting into two or more separate individuals. It is observed in some invertebrates like sea anemones and certain types of worms.

Question 22

Define parthenogenesis with an example

Answer 22

This is a form of reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. It occurs in various invertebrates such as aphids, bees, and some vertebrates like certain species of lizards and fish.

Question 23

Define vegetative reproduction

Answer 23

Natural methods of asexual reproduction used by plants, cutting of the parent plant

Question 24

Define clones

Answer 24

Asexual reproduction that produces identical individuals

Question 25

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 25

In sexual reproduction offspring result from the joining of a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell.
 Requires two parents.
 Happens when a sperm from a male enters an egg from a female and fertilises it.

Question 26

List the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction (2)

Answer 26

Similarities: Both asexual and sexual reproduction are biological processes through which organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of the species. (DNA) is passed on to the offspring, although the mechanisms differ.

Differences: Asexual Reproduction involves only one parent using only that DNA and sexual reproductive involves two using a mix of both DNA

Question 27

Define fertilisation

Answer 27

the action or process of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Question 28

Compare internal and external fertilisation

Answer 28

Similarities: Both types of fertilization aim to unite male and female gametes, In both cases, the fertilization process begins with the fusion of sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete). In both internal and external fertilization, genetic material from both parents is combined, resulting in offspring with traits from both parents.
Differences: internal fertilization happens inside the body and external happens outside. Different types of organisms. Internal is more controlled and external is less. In external the babies are less likely to be protected. External is many eggs at once.
Importance of the differences: different environment and adaptations

Question 29

List examples of internal fertilisation (3)

Answer 29

Birds
Snake
sharks

Question 30

List examples of external fertilisation (3)

Answer 30

Fish
Frogs
coral

Question 31

Define zygote

Answer 31

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

Question 32

Define gamete

Answer 32

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Question 33

Define sperm

Answer 33

a male reproductive cell that fertilizes an egg to create an embryo

Question 34

Define egg

Answer 34

the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Question 35

Identify and label the structural features of a plant(10)

Answer 35

• Anther
• Filament
• Stigma
• Style
• Ovary
• Ovules
• Pistol
• Stamen
• Sepal
• Petal

Question 36

List male gametes in a plant (3)

Answer 36

Sperm cell, pollen grains and anther cells

Question 37

List female gametes in a plant (3)

Answer 37

Egg cell, ovule, and synergrids

Question 38

Define germination

Answer 38

Process were seed develops into a plant, after it absorbs water and enzymes starting to grow.

Question 39

Explain the process of pollination

Answer 39

Pollination is the process by which pollen from the anther which is the male reproductive organ transfers to the stigma which is the female reproductive organ a plant, causing fertilization to occur. 3 different ways pollination can occur: wind, insect or bird .

Question 40

Define puberty

Answer 40

Puberty is the phase of development from child to adult as their body undergoes physical, hormonal, and emotional changes.

Question 41

Identify and label the features of the female reproductive system (5)

Answer 41

Ovary
Fallopian tubes (or oviducts)
Uterus (womb
Cervix
Vagina

Question 42

Identify and label the features of the male reproductive system (6)

Answer 42

Penis
Urethra
Vas Deferens Tubes (sperm duct
Testis (testicle):
Seminal vesicles
Epididymis
Prostate gland

Question 43

Define menstruation

Answer 43

The womb prepares for pregnancy during the menstrual cycle. Around 28 days. Different stages.

Question 44

List the stages of the menstrual cycle (4)

Answer 44

Period
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase

Question 45

List the hormones involved in menstruation (4)

Answer 45

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinising Hormone (LH)
3. Oestrogen
4. Progesterone

Question 46

Explain the changes in oestrogen levels during ovulation

Answer 46

The amount of Oestrogen increases greatly and is high during ovulation

Question 47

Explain the changes in progesterone during ovulation

Answer 47

The amount of progesterone rises a little but is still mostly Low during ovulation

Question 48

describe the first trimester of pregnancy

Answer 48

(Weeks 1–12)
The fertilized egg is planted uterus wall, beginning to grow main organ. Major body systems are developing, and limb buds form into arms and legs. Facial features become defined. Around 2.5 cm and 30 g

Question 49

describe the second trimester of pregnancy

Answer 49

(Weeks 13–26)
Embryo becomes a fetus
Baby is growing rapidly and growth of organs, muscles, and bones.
Fetus stars to move in the womb
baby develops eyebrows, eyelashes, and fingerprints.
Skin becomes less translucent becoming thicker
he genitals are now clearly identifiable by ultrasound.
Around 30 cm and nearly 1 kg

Question 50

describe third trimester of pregnancy

Answer 50

Weeks 27–40)
Babys organs mature stars gaining wait rapidly preparing itself to survive outside womb.
Lungs and brain development, starts trying to breath.
Increase in body fat helping with body temperature.
Baby fills up the uterus settling in a head down position ready for birth.
48 -53 cm 2.268 kg-3.629 kg.

Question 51

Describe the stages of development for a human offspring (zygote → birth)

Answer 51

1. Zygote (Fertilization to 1st Week)
2. Embryonic Stage (Weeks 2 to 8)
3. Fetal Stage (Weeks 9 to 40)
4. Birth (Around 40 Weeks)