science tech Flashcards
a circular frame of hard
material that may be
solid, partly solid, or
spoked and that is capable
of turning on an axle.
WHEELS
is a horological
device that tells the time
of day when direct
sunlight shines by the
apparent position of the
Sun in the sky.
SUNDIAL
machine by which text and
images are transferred
from movable type to paper
or other media by means of
ink.
PRINTING PRESS
is a heat
engine that performs
mechanical work using steam
as its working fluid. The
steam engine uses the force
produced by steam pressure.
STEAM ENGINES
is a medication used to
manage and treat a wide range of infections. It is in the beta-
lactam antibiotic class of drugs.
This activity describes
penicillin’s indications, action,
and contraindications as a valuable
agent in treating infection.
Penicillin
a machine or machine tool (such
as a spinning machine or lathe)
that after once being set
operates automatically except
for applying the power,
lubricating, supplying material,
and shutting off the power.
AUTOMATED
MACHINES
is a telecommunications device that
permits two or more users to
conduct a conversation when they
are too far apart to be easily
heard directly.
TELEPHONES
STONE AGE
BRONZE AGE
IRON AGE
ANCIENT ERA
marks a period of prehistory in
which humans used
primitive stone tools
with an edge, a point,
or a percussion surface.
Stone Age
PALEOLITHIC
MESOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC
STONE AGE
is the period of prehistory from
approximately 3.3 million years ago to
around 12,000 years ago, during which
hominins (early humans) developed the use of
basic stone tools and artifacts (man-made
objects.
Language, art, scientific inquiry, and
spiritual life were some of the most
important innovations of the
era.
PALEOLITHIC
is an archaeological term used to
describe specific cultures that fall
between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic
Periods. The use of small chipped stone
tools called microliths and retouched
bladelets are the key factors in
identifying the as a
prehistoric period.
Mesolithic
final stage of cultural evolution or
technological development among
prehistoric humans. It was
characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving.
NEOLITHIC
is a historic period, lasting from
approximately 3300 BCE to 1200 BCE. Characterized by the use of bronze, the use of writing in some areas.
The ___ marked the first time humans started to work with metal. Bronze tools and weapons soon replaced earlier stone versions.
BRONZE AGE
lasted from roughly 1200
to 500 B.C.E. and its dates differed
by world region. The Hittites are
believed to have been the first known
people to make iron tools.
It is the period of human culture
characterized by the smelting of iron
and its use in industry.
Iron Age
EUROPEAN AGE
DARK AGE
RENAISSANCE AGE
MIDDLE ERA
The period is characterized
as a time when Europeans
began exploring the world
by sea in search of new
trading routes, wealth, and
knowledge.
EUROPEAN AGE
PREHISTORIC EUROPE
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
MIDDLE AGES
MODERN ERA
EUROPEAN AGE
is a term for the
Early Middle Ages or occasionally
the entire Middle Ages, in Western
Europe after the fall of the Western
Roman Empire that characterizes it
as marked by economic, intellectual,
and cultural decline.
Dark Ages
was a fervent period
of European cultural, artistic,
political and economic “rebirth”
.
Generally described as taking place
from the 14th century to the 17th
century, promoted
the rediscovery of classical
philosophy, literature and art.
Renaissance
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
LATE MODERN PERIOD
MODERN ERA
is considered to have lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries (about 1500–1800)
Early modern period
began around
1800 with the end of the political
revolutions in the late 18th
century and involved the transition
from a world dominated by imperial
and colonial powers into one of
nations and nationhood following
the two great world wars, World War
I and World War II.
late modern period
was the critical transition that
resulted in the birth of agriculture.
people learned to cultivate plants and
domesticate animals.
broaden the production of food
improved the quality of human
nutrition.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
improved farming techniques and mass
cultivation of crops
greater production of food and
transformation of societies and
economies
it first took place in the Fertile
Crescent - a boomerang shaped region in
the Middle East
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
change from an agrarian and handicraft
economy to one dominated by industry
and machine manufacturing.
transition from creating goods by hands
to using machines
inventions of machines and adaption of
factory system.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
sudden and violent revolutions that
seek not only to establish a new
political system but to transform an
entire society
differences of political beliefs
POLITICAL REVOLUTION
Science and Technology lie at
the heart of some of the
greatest dangers to the survival
of humanity and the
sustainability of the Earth:
climate change, pandemics, and
nuclear war.
THREATS TO HUMAN SURVIVAL
“Not because it’s good for you,
will be good to everyone”
-voluntary participation,
-informed consent,
-anonymity,
-confidentiality,
-potential for harm
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
“EQUALITY vs. EQUITY
“Who needs more?”
“Who needs to be given more?”
“Do they need it both equally?”
DISPARITIES
Competitions or problems that
might arise between two or more
groups of individual because of
differences and barriers.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICTS
Advancements and progress of
science and technology means
sacrificing nature’s life
because of pollution.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM
I was born on July 18, 1922 and died on
June 17, 1996.
At present, I am a ghost, sitting beside
a lady. Just kidding. Haha!
I am one of the most influential
philosophers of science of the twentieth
century.
THOMAS S. KUHN
I have a book entitled, The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions, and it became
one of the most cited academic books of
all time.
THOMAS S. KUHN
is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”
KUHNIAN’S CYCLE
is characterized by upheaval over
cycles of puzzle-solving and
scientific revolution, as
opposed to cumulative
improvement.
consists in the
actualization of that promise,
an actualization achieved by
extending the knowledge of those
facts that the paradigm displays
NORMAL SCIENCE
also known as the PRE-
PARADIGM STAGE.
there is not yet a
model of understanding (the
field’s paradigm) mature enough to
solve the field’s main problems.
The model may be close. It may be
promising and thus be attracting
plenty of followers.
PRE-SCIENCE
is caused by what
Thomas Kuhn called anomalies. An
anomaly is an unexpected
discovery one’s paradigm cannot
explain, which includes
discovery of problems the
paradigm cannot solve.
The model of understanding
starts to drift, due to
accumulation of anomalies,
phenomenon the model cannot
explain.
Model drift
The Model Drift becomes so
excessive the model is broken.
It can no longer serve as a
reliable guide to problem
solving. Attempts to patch the
model up to make it work fail.
The field is in anguish.
Field’s model of understanding
has drifted so far the field is
thrown into crisis, because they
can no longer make rational
decisions.
MODEL CRISIS
This begins when serious
candidates for a new model
emerge. It’s a revolution
because the new model is so
radically different from the old
one.
In this step a field’s model of
understanding is undergoing
revolutionary change because the
old model failed.
MODEL REVOLUTION
A single new paradigm emerges
and the field changes from the
old to the new paradigm.
an important change that happens
when the usual way of thinking
about or doing something is
replaced by a new and different
way.
PARADIGM CHANGE
was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
