science t-2 ☠ Flashcards
what are the states of matter
solid, liquid,gas
what is matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
packing of liquids
packed together closely but can slide past each other
packing of solids
packed closely together in a fixed shape
packing of gas
lots of space between particles, move very quickly
solid to gas
sublimation
liquid to gas
evaporation
gas to liquid
condensing
solid to liquid
melting
liquid to solid
solidifying (if water freezing)
gas to solid
deposition
how do the states of matter change from one to an other
by gaining and losing heat energy
what happens when solid particles are cooled
they vibrate less and take up less room
what holds solid particles close together
strong forces called bonds
what two states of matter cannot be compressed
solid and liquid
what do particles in states of matter do when temperature changes
they expand when heated and contract when cooled
do gas particles fill their container completely
yes
for what state of matter do particles move very fast in all directions
gas
what is all matter made up of
atoms
what is an atom
the smallest particle of matter that can exist they are the building blocks of matter
what is the atomic number
number of protons
what is the number of protons
number of electrons
what is the charge of protons
positive
what is the charge of neutrons
no charge
what is the charge of electrons
negative
how many electrons can the first shell hold
2
how many electrons can the 2 and 3rd shells hold
8
what is the outermost shell
valence
What do atoms like to have
a full outer shell of electrons
what does a full outer shell of electrons do
increase the atoms stability
what must atoms undergo in order to lose or gain electrons
a chemical reaction
what is an ion
formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, the are electrically charged and in a group
what is an element
a substance that is made up of only 1 type of atom
what does the first letter of a element symbol have to have
a capital letter
what is a reactant
chemicals reacting together
what is a product
chemicals producing by the reaction
where are the reactants
on the left
where are the products
on the right
what can matter not do in a chemical reaction
it cannot be created or destroyed
What happens in a chemical reaction
- no new atoms are made
- no atoms are destroyed
3.no mass is lost
4.no elements are changed
what is fuel
a material that has stored energy that can be released to produce heat or power
number of neutrons
mass number - atomic number
what are reactants
chemicals reacting together
what are products
chemicals produced by the reaction
what are hydrocarbons made out of
hydrogen and carbon
what are some hydrocarbons
methane,ethane,propane,butane
what are most of our fuels
hydrocarbons
what is complete combustion
plenty of oxygen-
hydrocarbon+oxygen—–>carbon+water dioxide
What is incomplete combustion- stage 1
insufficient oxygen-
hydrocarbon+oxygen—->carbon+water monoxide
what is incomplete combustion- stage 2
insufficient oxygen (even less)
hydrocarbon+oxygen——>carbon+water
why is carbon monoxide so deadly
oxygen combines with red blood cells which then carry the oxygen around our body. Carbon monoxide replaces oxygen on the RBC, which means our cells/body is starved of oxygen
parts of a microscope
stage,base,coarse focus knob,switch,arm,objective lens,light source,eye peice lens,stage clip,fine focus knob
What does the stage on a microscope do
It is a flat surface where the slide containing the specimen is placed
what does the base on a microscope do
this supports the microscope and provides stability
what does the coarse focus knob on a microscope do
this is used to bring the specimen into rough focus
what does the switch on a microscope do
it switches the power on and off
what does the arm on a microscope do
this is used to carry the microscope
what does the objective lens on a microscope do
this magnifies the image of the specimen. In school there are usually 3 lenses 5x, 10x, and 40x magnification
what does the light source do
this provides light for viewing the specimen. It is usually situated at the base of the microscope.
what does the eye piece on a microscope do
it further magnifies the image. It is called the eye piece as it is where we look into the microscope
what does the stage clip on a microscope do
these are used to hold the slide in place whilst viewing the specimen
what does the fine focus knob do
this is used after the coarse focus to bring the specimen into sharp focus
what is a diaphragm
a dial that you can turn that controls the amount of light from the light source that reaches the specimen, it can make it appear brighter or darker
what are the 7 life processes ( mrs c gren)
- movement
- respiration
- sensitivity
- growth
- reproduction
- excretion
- nutrition
magnification=
size of image divided by size of real object
how to find out the total magnification used
eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification
on a microscope what is low, medium and high power
low- 10x5=50x
medium- 10x10=100x
high- 10x40=400x
what magnification does the eye piece lens have
10x
what do microscopes help us to do
Microscopes help us to figure out how to create medicine or prescribe things as under them we can see cells you can’t see from the blind eye.
LEARN DEFINITIONS
YES DO IT
How to use a microscope
- turn the eyepiece to x10 (usually)
- Turn the objective lens to x40
- Make sure the specimen is locked in with clips so it doesn’t move
4.look down to eyepiece to see the image - move the stage up and down until the object is clear
how to prepare a microscope slide
- Clean your slide with a paper towel
- put your specimen in the middle of the slide. Make sure that it is flat and not folded over.
3.Add 2 or 3 drops of stain solution (if required) - Hold coverslip at 45 degree angle, supporting the top edge with tweezers
- Gently lower coverslip with tweezers, making sure no air bubbles are trapped.
- Press a paper towel gently against the edge of the coverslip to blot excess liquid
Biological drawings
- Use a sharp pencil
- Make drawings as large as possible
- Draw main features and enough cells to show pattern
- clear bold lines
- no shading/ cross-hatching
- title showing magnification and stain used
- label all visible parts ; never cross lines
magnification=
size of image divided by actual size of object
size of image =
magnification x size of real object
size of real object=
size of image divided by magnification
how to use formulae in exams
- write out the formula
- filling in the numbers (convert units if required
- answer with units
what is a cell
the smallest structural (how it looks) and functional (how it works) unit of organisms
what can organisms be
unicellular- consist of 1 independent cell
multicellular- organized with networks of cells with differentiated function and structure
WORK ON DRAWING CELLS
YES DO IT
what does a seed need to germinate and grow
- soil or a growing medium- seed raising mix includes pumice and nutrients that encourage seedling growth
- moisture- water activates the biochemistry of the dormant seed embryo
- temperature- plants germinate at a similar heat to its ideal soil temperature, although warmer temperature will speed up growth
LEARN HOW TO DRAW PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
YES DO IT
what do plant cells have
cytoplasm- random stuff the fills the area
nucleus- medium sized seed thing
cell membrane- second line
cellulose cell wall- first outside line
mitochondrion- little seeds
permanent vacuole- big seed
chloroplast- meduims ish sized seeds- smaller than nucleas- bigger than mitochondrion
what do animal cells have
cytoplasm-random stuff the fills the area
nucleus- medium sized seed thing
cell membrane- border line
mitochondrion- little seeds
cell wall
a flexible or rigid boundary protecting a cell, outside the cell membrane
nucleus
a membrane- bound structure inside eukaryotic cells that contain most of the genetic material.
cytoplasm
thick jelly-like substance that fills all cells and is where most of the cellular reactions take place.
chloroplasts
found within plant cells, photosynthesis takes place here
cell membrane
the barrier of the cell that controls what enters and exits the cell
vacuoles
a fluid filled compartment inside a cell, surrounded by a membrane
GO OVER CONDESING BLAH BLAH
YES DO IT
parts of an insect pollinated flower
petal- They are often brightly coloured or carry a scent to attract incest’s for pollination
stamen- the male reproductive organ
carpel- the female reproductive organ
anther- produces pollen for incest’s to carry to other plants and start reproduction
pollen- produces sperm cells
ovary- produces eggs (ovules) that when fertilized produce seeds.
what parts are included in the carpel
stigma- produces a sugary liquid that catches pollen to prepare the grains to enter the ovary and initiate fertilization
ovary- produces eggs (ovules) that when fertilized produce seeds.
style- generates the pollen tube and prevents incompatible pollen from entering the ovary
what parts are included in the stamen
anther-the part of the stamen pollen is produced from
filament- Holds the anther up
what is cross pollination
when pollen lands on another plant of the same species of plant.
what is self polination
if a plant can be pollinated by their own pollen
how are wind pollinated flowers different than insect pollinated ones
wind pollinated flowers are usually duller and less appealing, they don’t have nectarres, their stamens are in a different spot (hang outside the flower/longer filaments), they produce more pollen that is smooth and light and their carpels are large and feathery instead of small with sticky stigmas.
why is it called sexual reproduction in plants
pollination and fertilization involves sex cells
what is asexual reproduction
when there is only 1 parent
what does pollen contain
male sex cells
what do ovules contain
female sex cells
when does sexual reproduction occur
when the nuclei of the male gamete combines with the nuclei of the female gamete resulting in a single fertilized cell. in animals this is called a zygote, in plants it is called a seed.
