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t2 milestones 🔪🙄☠ > science t-2 ☠ > Flashcards

science t-2 ☠ Flashcards

1
Q

what are the states of matter

A

solid, liquid,gas

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2
Q

what is matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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3
Q

packing of liquids

A

packed together closely but can slide past each other

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4
Q

packing of solids

A

packed closely together in a fixed shape

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5
Q

packing of gas

A

lots of space between particles, move very quickly

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6
Q

solid to gas

A

sublimation

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7
Q

liquid to gas

A

evaporation

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8
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensing

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9
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

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10
Q

liquid to solid

A

solidifying (if water freezing)

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11
Q

gas to solid

A

deposition

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12
Q

how do the states of matter change from one to an other

A

by gaining and losing heat energy

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13
Q

what happens when solid particles are cooled

A

they vibrate less and take up less room

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14
Q

what holds solid particles close together

A

strong forces called bonds

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15
Q

what two states of matter cannot be compressed

A

solid and liquid

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16
Q

what do particles in states of matter do when temperature changes

A

they expand when heated and contract when cooled

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17
Q

do gas particles fill their container completely

A

yes

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18
Q

for what state of matter do particles move very fast in all directions

A

gas

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19
Q

what is all matter made up of

A

atoms

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20
Q

what is an atom

A

the smallest particle of matter that can exist they are the building blocks of matter

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21
Q

what is the atomic number

A

number of protons

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22
Q

what is the number of protons

A

number of electrons

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23
Q

what is the charge of protons

A

positive

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24
Q

what is the charge of neutrons

A

no charge

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25
Q

what is the charge of electrons

A

negative

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26
Q

how many electrons can the first shell hold

A

2

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27
Q

how many electrons can the 2 and 3rd shells hold

A

8

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28
Q

what is the outermost shell

A

valence

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29
Q

What do atoms like to have

A

a full outer shell of electrons

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30
Q

what does a full outer shell of electrons do

A

increase the atoms stability

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31
Q

what must atoms undergo in order to lose or gain electrons

A

a chemical reaction

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32
Q

what is an ion

A

formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, the are electrically charged and in a group

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33
Q

what is an element

A

a substance that is made up of only 1 type of atom

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34
Q

what does the first letter of a element symbol have to have

A

a capital letter

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35
Q

what is a reactant

A

chemicals reacting together

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36
Q

what is a product

A

chemicals producing by the reaction

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37
Q

where are the reactants

A

on the left

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38
Q

where are the products

A

on the right

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39
Q

what can matter not do in a chemical reaction

A

it cannot be created or destroyed

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40
Q

What happens in a chemical reaction

A
  1. no new atoms are made
  2. no atoms are destroyed
    3.no mass is lost
    4.no elements are changed
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41
Q

what is fuel

A

a material that has stored energy that can be released to produce heat or power

42
Q

number of neutrons

A

mass number - atomic number

43
Q

what are reactants

A

chemicals reacting together

44
Q

what are products

A

chemicals produced by the reaction

45
Q

what are hydrocarbons made out of

A

hydrogen and carbon

46
Q

what are some hydrocarbons

A

methane,ethane,propane,butane

47
Q

what are most of our fuels

A

hydrocarbons

48
Q

what is complete combustion

A

plenty of oxygen-
hydrocarbon+oxygen—–>carbon+water dioxide

49
Q

What is incomplete combustion- stage 1

A

insufficient oxygen-
hydrocarbon+oxygen—->carbon+water monoxide

50
Q

what is incomplete combustion- stage 2

A

insufficient oxygen (even less)
hydrocarbon+oxygen——>carbon+water

51
Q

why is carbon monoxide so deadly

A

oxygen combines with red blood cells which then carry the oxygen around our body. Carbon monoxide replaces oxygen on the RBC, which means our cells/body is starved of oxygen

52
Q

parts of a microscope

A

stage,base,coarse focus knob,switch,arm,objective lens,light source,eye peice lens,stage clip,fine focus knob

53
Q

What does the stage on a microscope do

A

It is a flat surface where the slide containing the specimen is placed

54
Q

what does the base on a microscope do

A

this supports the microscope and provides stability

55
Q

what does the coarse focus knob on a microscope do

A

this is used to bring the specimen into rough focus

56
Q

what does the switch on a microscope do

A

it switches the power on and off

57
Q

what does the arm on a microscope do

A

this is used to carry the microscope

58
Q

what does the objective lens on a microscope do

A

this magnifies the image of the specimen. In school there are usually 3 lenses 5x, 10x, and 40x magnification

59
Q

what does the light source do

A

this provides light for viewing the specimen. It is usually situated at the base of the microscope.

60
Q

what does the eye piece on a microscope do

A

it further magnifies the image. It is called the eye piece as it is where we look into the microscope

61
Q

what does the stage clip on a microscope do

A

these are used to hold the slide in place whilst viewing the specimen

62
Q

what does the fine focus knob do

A

this is used after the coarse focus to bring the specimen into sharp focus

63
Q

what is a diaphragm

A

a dial that you can turn that controls the amount of light from the light source that reaches the specimen, it can make it appear brighter or darker

64
Q

what are the 7 life processes ( mrs c gren)

A
  1. movement
  2. respiration
  3. sensitivity
  4. growth
  5. reproduction
  6. excretion
  7. nutrition
65
Q

magnification=

A

size of image divided by size of real object

66
Q

how to find out the total magnification used

A

eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification

67
Q

on a microscope what is low, medium and high power

A

low- 10x5=50x
medium- 10x10=100x
high- 10x40=400x

68
Q

what magnification does the eye piece lens have

A

10x

69
Q

what do microscopes help us to do

A

Microscopes help us to figure out how to create medicine or prescribe things as under them we can see cells you can’t see from the blind eye.

70
Q

LEARN DEFINITIONS

A

YES DO IT

71
Q

How to use a microscope

A
  1. turn the eyepiece to x10 (usually)
  2. Turn the objective lens to x40
  3. Make sure the specimen is locked in with clips so it doesn’t move
    4.look down to eyepiece to see the image
  4. move the stage up and down until the object is clear
72
Q

how to prepare a microscope slide

A
  1. Clean your slide with a paper towel
  2. put your specimen in the middle of the slide. Make sure that it is flat and not folded over.
    3.Add 2 or 3 drops of stain solution (if required)
  3. Hold coverslip at 45 degree angle, supporting the top edge with tweezers
  4. Gently lower coverslip with tweezers, making sure no air bubbles are trapped.
  5. Press a paper towel gently against the edge of the coverslip to blot excess liquid
73
Q

Biological drawings

A
  1. Use a sharp pencil
  2. Make drawings as large as possible
  3. Draw main features and enough cells to show pattern
  4. clear bold lines
  5. no shading/ cross-hatching
  6. title showing magnification and stain used
  7. label all visible parts ; never cross lines
74
Q

magnification=

A

size of image divided by actual size of object

75
Q

size of image =

A

magnification x size of real object

76
Q

size of real object=

A

size of image divided by magnification

77
Q

how to use formulae in exams

A
  1. write out the formula
  2. filling in the numbers (convert units if required
  3. answer with units
78
Q

what is a cell

A

the smallest structural (how it looks) and functional (how it works) unit of organisms

79
Q

what can organisms be

A

unicellular- consist of 1 independent cell
multicellular- organized with networks of cells with differentiated function and structure

80
Q

WORK ON DRAWING CELLS

A

YES DO IT

81
Q

what does a seed need to germinate and grow

A
  1. soil or a growing medium- seed raising mix includes pumice and nutrients that encourage seedling growth
  2. moisture- water activates the biochemistry of the dormant seed embryo
  3. temperature- plants germinate at a similar heat to its ideal soil temperature, although warmer temperature will speed up growth
82
Q

LEARN HOW TO DRAW PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

A

YES DO IT

83
Q

what do plant cells have

A

cytoplasm- random stuff the fills the area
nucleus- medium sized seed thing
cell membrane- second line
cellulose cell wall- first outside line
mitochondrion- little seeds
permanent vacuole- big seed
chloroplast- meduims ish sized seeds- smaller than nucleas- bigger than mitochondrion

84
Q

what do animal cells have

A

cytoplasm-random stuff the fills the area
nucleus- medium sized seed thing
cell membrane- border line
mitochondrion- little seeds

85
Q

cell wall

A

a flexible or rigid boundary protecting a cell, outside the cell membrane

86
Q

nucleus

A

a membrane- bound structure inside eukaryotic cells that contain most of the genetic material.

87
Q

cytoplasm

A

thick jelly-like substance that fills all cells and is where most of the cellular reactions take place.

88
Q

chloroplasts

A

found within plant cells, photosynthesis takes place here

89
Q

cell membrane

A

the barrier of the cell that controls what enters and exits the cell

90
Q

vacuoles

A

a fluid filled compartment inside a cell, surrounded by a membrane

91
Q

GO OVER CONDESING BLAH BLAH

A

YES DO IT

92
Q

parts of an insect pollinated flower

A

petal- They are often brightly coloured or carry a scent to attract incest’s for pollination
stamen- the male reproductive organ
carpel- the female reproductive organ
anther- produces pollen for incest’s to carry to other plants and start reproduction
pollen- produces sperm cells
ovary- produces eggs (ovules) that when fertilized produce seeds.

93
Q

what parts are included in the carpel

A

stigma- produces a sugary liquid that catches pollen to prepare the grains to enter the ovary and initiate fertilization
ovary- produces eggs (ovules) that when fertilized produce seeds.
style- generates the pollen tube and prevents incompatible pollen from entering the ovary

94
Q

what parts are included in the stamen

A

anther-the part of the stamen pollen is produced from
filament- Holds the anther up

95
Q

what is cross pollination

A

when pollen lands on another plant of the same species of plant.

96
Q

what is self polination

A

if a plant can be pollinated by their own pollen

97
Q

how are wind pollinated flowers different than insect pollinated ones

A

wind pollinated flowers are usually duller and less appealing, they don’t have nectarres, their stamens are in a different spot (hang outside the flower/longer filaments), they produce more pollen that is smooth and light and their carpels are large and feathery instead of small with sticky stigmas.

98
Q

why is it called sexual reproduction in plants

A

pollination and fertilization involves sex cells

99
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

when there is only 1 parent

100
Q

what does pollen contain

A

male sex cells

101
Q

what do ovules contain

A

female sex cells

102
Q

when does sexual reproduction occur

A

when the nuclei of the male gamete combines with the nuclei of the female gamete resulting in a single fertilized cell. in animals this is called a zygote, in plants it is called a seed.

t2 milestones 🔪🙄☠ (3 decks)

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