Science: Summative Test#1

Question 1

• most abundant substance covering 71% of its area
• can exist as solid, liquid, gas (in the air, surface, below ground, or
  oceans)

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

• a vast body of saline water
• the salinity is maintained through the hydrological cycle
  -saltwater reservoir

Answer 2

oceans

Question 3

• influence global climate and the hydrologic cycle
• glaciers - permanent body of ice consisting of recrystallized snow; mostly in greece and antartica
• ice sheets - unmelted snow is covered by another layer, accumulating into a compacted mass

Answer 3

glaciers and ice sheets

Question 4

• soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than 2 consecutive years
• 30-100cm thaws during summer, refreezes during winter
• 0.8% of the total freshwater

Answer 4

permafrost

Question 5

• found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface
• largest reservoir of liquid fresh water
• 30.1% of the total freshwater

Answer 5

groundwater

Question 6

a. glaciers and ice sheets
b. permafrost
c. groundwater

Answer 6

freshwater reservoirs

Question 7

• moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level (gravity)
• consists of clearly defined passages called channels
• 1.6% of the total surface and atmospheric water

Answer 7

stream

Question 8

• large inland bodies of fresh or saline water
• forms in places where water collects in low area
• manmade or natural
• 67% of the total surface and atmospheric water

Answer 8

Lakes

Question 9

• water covers area for long periods
• 8.5% of the total land surface and atmospheric water
• types: marsh - near lakes/streams/oceans; grasses and reeds
  swamp - lush trees and vegetation; beside stagnant water
  estuary - partially enclosed; fresh meets sal

Answer 9

wetlands

Question 10

near lakes/streams/oceans; grasses and reeds

Answer 10

marsh

Question 11

lush trees and vegetation; beside stagnant water

Answer 11

swamp

Question 12

partially enclosed; fresh meets sal

Answer 12

estuary

Question 12

Agriculture

Answer 12

• fertilizers, pesticides, manure, and others seep into the soil, affecting groundwater

Question 13

• waste products from factories pollute the soil, affecting drinking water
• ex. arsenic

Answer 13

fossil fuel production

Question 14

• ranging in size from 0.05 mm to 2.0 mm in diameter

Answer 14

sand

Question 15

• range between 0.002 mm and 0.05 mm

Answer 15

silt

Question 16

• less than 0.002 mm in diameter

Answer 16

clay

Question 17

surface litter - organic matter & humus

Answer 17

HORIZON O

Question 18

topsoil - dark; high concentration of organic matter & organisms

Answer 18

HORIZON A

Question 19

zone of leaching - dissolved & suspended materials move downward

Answer 19

HORIZON E

Question 20

subsoil - light-colored; litter & nutrient rich minerals

Answer 20

HORIZON B

Question 21

weathered parent material - saturated w/groundwater

Answer 21

HORIZON C

Question 22

bedrock - did not weather

Answer 22

HORIZON R