Science study guide Flashcards by Nicolas Elizondo

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What are the characteristics of life?

Growth & Development, Reproduction, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Organization, Use of Energy

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What is Growth & Development?

Organisms grow and develop throughout their lifespan.

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What is Reproduction?

Organisms reproduce to produce offspring.

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What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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What does Response to Stimuli mean?

Organisms respond to internal/external changes.

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What is Organization in the context of life?

Made of one or more cells.

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What is the Use of Energy?

Organisms use energy to stay alive.

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What is Binomial Nomenclature?

Two-part scientific naming system (Genus, Species).

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What defines a Species?

Group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

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What is a Genus?

Group of similar species.

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What is a Cladogram?

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships.

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What is a Dichotomous Key?

Used to identify organisms through a series of paired descriptions.

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What are the Taxonomy Levels?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

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What are the three Domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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What characterizes Bacteria?

Simple unicellular organisms.

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What characterizes Archaea?

Unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments.

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What characterizes Eukarya?

Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (more complex, multicellular organisms).

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Who was Robert Hooke?

First observed cells in the 1600s.

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Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

Improved the microscope to 270x magnification.

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What is a Light Microscope?

Uses visible light to magnify images.

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What is a Simple Light Microscope?

One lens.

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What is a Compound Light Microscope?

Two or more lenses; magnification up to 1500x.

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What is an Electron Microscope?

Uses beams of electrons for magnification.

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What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

Views internal structures of dead cells.

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

Views surface structures; produces 3D images.

What are the uses of Microscopes?

Health Care, Forensics, Archaeology, Jewelry

How are microscopes used in Health Care?

Surgery and tissue analysis.

How are microscopes used in Forensics?

Analyzing crime scene evidence.

How are microscopes used in Archaeology?

Studying fossils and artifacts.

How are microscopes used in Jewelry?

Examining authenticity of jewels.

What is the Cell Theory?

All living things are made of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. All cells come from preexisting cells.

What do Nucleic Acids do?

They carry genetic information (DNA/RNA).

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

They provide energy; glucose (C6H12O6).

What is the role of Lipids?

They store energy and make cell membranes.

What do Proteins do?

They build organelles and are involved in cell functions.

What is a key difference between Animal and Plant Cells?

Animal Cells have a cell membrane but no cell wall, while Plant Cells have both.

What is the function of the Nucleus?

It contains genetic material.

What is the role of Mitochondria?

Energy production (ATP).

What distinguishes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum from Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Smooth ER is involved in lipids, while Rough ER is involved in proteins.

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

It packages proteins.

What is the function of Lysosomes?

They break down waste.

What do Vacuoles store?

They store nutrients and waste.

What is the role of the Cell Membrane?

It regulates the movement of substances.

What is Passive Transport?

Movement without energy (higher → lower concentration).

What is Diffusion?

The general movement of molecules.

What is Osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a membrane.

What happens in a Hypotonic solution?

There is more water outside the cell; the cell swells.

What is an Isotonic solution?

It has equal concentration of water; equilibrium.

What occurs in a Hypertonic solution?

There are more solutes outside the cell; the cell shrinks.

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Larger or charged molecules use transport proteins.

What is Active Transport?

It requires energy to move substances against the gradient.

What is Endocytosis?

The cell engulfs material.

What is Exocytosis?

Vesicles expel material outside the cell.

What is the Cell Cycle?

A series of events leading to cell division.

What are the phases of Interphase?

G1, S, G2.

What happens during G1 phase?

The cell grows and functions.

What occurs during S phase?

DNA replication.

What is the purpose of G2 phase?

Preparation for mitosis.

What is Mitosis?

Division of the nucleus.

What are the phases of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What happens during Prophase?

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves.

What occurs during Metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the cell center.

What happens during Anaphase?

Chromatids are pulled apart.

What occurs during Telophase?

Nuclear membranes reform, cell prepares to divide.

What is the range of Cell Cycle length?

Varies from 8 minutes to a year, depending on the cell type.

What are Unicellular Organisms?

Organisms that perform all life processes in one cell.

What are Prokaryotic Cells?

Cells without membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

Cells with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

What is Cell Differentiation?

The process by which cells specialize for specific functions.

What are Stem Cells?

Undifferentiated cells that can become specialized.

What are Meristems?

Plant stem cells for growth.

What are the types of Human Tissues?

Muscle, connective, nervous, and epithelial tissues.

What are Organs?

Groups of tissues working together (e.g., the heart, stomach).

What is the Skeletal System?

The system that includes bones.

What is the Muscular System?

The system that includes muscles.

What is the Respiratory System?

The system that includes lungs and trachea.

What is the Circulatory System?

The system that includes the heart and blood vessels.

What is the Nervous System?

The system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

What is the Digestive System?

The system that includes the stomach and intestines.

What is the Root System in plants?

The system that absorbs water and nutrients.

What is the Shoot System in plants?

The system that includes leaves, stems, and flowers.