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Science study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

Growth & Development, Reproduction, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Organization, Use of Energy

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3
Q

What is Growth & Development?

A

Organisms grow and develop throughout their lifespan.

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4
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Organisms reproduce to produce offspring.

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5
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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6
Q

What does Response to Stimuli mean?

A

Organisms respond to internal/external changes.

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7
Q

What is Organization in the context of life?

A

Made of one or more cells.

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8
Q

What is the Use of Energy?

A

Organisms use energy to stay alive.

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9
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A

Two-part scientific naming system (Genus, Species).

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10
Q

What defines a Species?

A

Group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

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11
Q

What is a Genus?

A

Group of similar species.

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12
Q

What is a Cladogram?

A

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships.

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13
Q

What is a Dichotomous Key?

A

Used to identify organisms through a series of paired descriptions.

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14
Q

What are the Taxonomy Levels?

A

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

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15
Q

What are the three Domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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16
Q

What characterizes Bacteria?

A

Simple unicellular organisms.

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17
Q

What characterizes Archaea?

A

Unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments.

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18
Q

What characterizes Eukarya?

A

Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (more complex, multicellular organisms).

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19
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

First observed cells in the 1600s.

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20
Q

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Improved the microscope to 270x magnification.

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21
Q

What is a Light Microscope?

A

Uses visible light to magnify images.

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22
Q

What is a Simple Light Microscope?

A

One lens.

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23
Q

What is a Compound Light Microscope?

A

Two or more lenses; magnification up to 1500x.

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24
Q

What is an Electron Microscope?

A

Uses beams of electrons for magnification.

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25
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A

Views internal structures of dead cells.

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26
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

Views surface structures; produces 3D images.

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27
Q

What are the uses of Microscopes?

A

Health Care, Forensics, Archaeology, Jewelry

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28
Q

How are microscopes used in Health Care?

A

Surgery and tissue analysis.

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29
Q

How are microscopes used in Forensics?

A

Analyzing crime scene evidence.

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30
Q

How are microscopes used in Archaeology?

A

Studying fossils and artifacts.

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31
Q

How are microscopes used in Jewelry?

A

Examining authenticity of jewels.

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32
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All living things are made of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life. All cells come from preexisting cells.

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33
Q

What do Nucleic Acids do?

A

They carry genetic information (DNA/RNA).

34
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

They provide energy; glucose (C6H12O6).

35
Q

What is the role of Lipids?

A

They store energy and make cell membranes.

36
Q

What do Proteins do?

A

They build organelles and are involved in cell functions.

37
Q

What is a key difference between Animal and Plant Cells?

A

Animal Cells have a cell membrane but no cell wall, while Plant Cells have both.

38
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

It contains genetic material.

39
Q

What is the role of Mitochondria?

A

Energy production (ATP).

40
Q

What distinguishes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum from Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Smooth ER is involved in lipids, while Rough ER is involved in proteins.

41
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

It packages proteins.

42
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

They break down waste.

43
Q

What do Vacuoles store?

A

They store nutrients and waste.

44
Q

What is the role of the Cell Membrane?

A

It regulates the movement of substances.

45
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

Movement without energy (higher → lower concentration).

46
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The general movement of molecules.

47
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane.

48
Q

What happens in a Hypotonic solution?

A

There is more water outside the cell; the cell swells.

49
Q

What is an Isotonic solution?

A

It has equal concentration of water; equilibrium.

50
Q

What occurs in a Hypertonic solution?

A

There are more solutes outside the cell; the cell shrinks.

51
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Larger or charged molecules use transport proteins.

52
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

It requires energy to move substances against the gradient.

53
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

The cell engulfs material.

54
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Vesicles expel material outside the cell.

55
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

A series of events leading to cell division.

56
Q

What are the phases of Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2.

57
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

The cell grows and functions.

58
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

DNA replication.

59
Q

What is the purpose of G2 phase?

A

Preparation for mitosis.

60
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus.

61
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

62
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves.

63
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at the cell center.

64
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Chromatids are pulled apart.

65
Q

What occurs during Telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform, cell prepares to divide.

66
Q

What is the range of Cell Cycle length?

A

Varies from 8 minutes to a year, depending on the cell type.

67
Q

What are Unicellular Organisms?

A

Organisms that perform all life processes in one cell.

68
Q

What are Prokaryotic Cells?

A

Cells without membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

69
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Cells with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

70
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A

The process by which cells specialize for specific functions.

71
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can become specialized.

72
Q

What are Meristems?

A

Plant stem cells for growth.

73
Q

What are the types of Human Tissues?

A

Muscle, connective, nervous, and epithelial tissues.

74
Q

What are Organs?

A

Groups of tissues working together (e.g., the heart, stomach).

75
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A

The system that includes bones.

76
Q

What is the Muscular System?

A

The system that includes muscles.

77
Q

What is the Respiratory System?

A

The system that includes lungs and trachea.

78
Q

What is the Circulatory System?

A

The system that includes the heart and blood vessels.

79
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

The system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

80
Q

What is the Digestive System?

A

The system that includes the stomach and intestines.

81
Q

What is the Root System in plants?

A

The system that absorbs water and nutrients.

82
Q

What is the Shoot System in plants?

A

The system that includes leaves, stems, and flowers.

Science (1 decks)

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