Science Study

Question 1

1) metabolism(allows and categories)

2) enzymes(how many enzymes, enzymes vital?)

Answer 1

1)metabolism allows reproducing and growing, metabolism reactions divided into two categories, respiration and cell construction. 2) reactions helped by enzymes, without it reactions would occur to slowly to maintain life, over 200 enzymes of human body, lock and key model shows how they work

Question 2

1) getting nutrients(transformations, passing through, needs)
2) diffusion(meaning)

Answer 2

1)materials needed for metabolism sourced from food, digestive system chemically changes food to be useable for the body, carbs into glucose, protein into amino acids, lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, simple chemical substances can pass through villi into capillaries and bloodstream. 2) movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration.

Question 3

1) getting oxygen(how air enters, diffusion help)

2) circulation(circulation through what, starved)

Answer 3

1)air you breathe enters your respiratory system through your nose and mouth,through trachea, bronchi, bronchioles ending into the alveoli, diffusion helps oxygen to blood, oxygen combines with haemoglobin in blood and moves around so concentrations never equal. 2) arteries, capillaries and veins carry materials to and from every cell of your body, heart keeps cells from being starved.

Question 4

1) heartbeat (what is made up of, heart beat procedure)

2) changes to heart rate(faster)

Answer 4

1)heart is made up of cardiac muscle, cardiac muscle naturally contracts and relaxes without any input from nervous system, rhythm of the heartbeat is initiated by pacemaker, pacemaker stimulates atria to contract when it reaches atria and the ventricles, Av node stimulates both ventricles to contract. 2)noradrenalin affects heart beat(possible 5 times stronger), receptors make heart pump faster

Question 5

1)in the cells(process)

Answer 5

1)body is made up of billions of microscopic cells, cellular respiration (series of reactions by enzymes)makes oxygen-glucose-capillaries-mitochondria, enzymes and hormones are proteins, cells replaced continuously, products from lysosomes move to blood, liver breaks down hormones, haemoglobin, toxins, Antonia to urea, apart from end of haemoglobin all excretion (liver-kidneys-urine)

Question 6

1) independence of systems (dependence on each other)
2) nervous system(communication network that controls all systems of body)
3) nerve cells(different parts)

Answer 6

1)systems of your body are independent, each system depends on another to function 2)communication network that controls all systems of body 3) made up of billions of nerve cells, parts of the cns that contain nuerons covered in myelin are Called white matter, parts that contain cell bodies are grey matter, receptors stimulate sensory neurones, sensory nerves send message to the Brain, brain sends response to effectors

Question 7

1) reflect actions: a rapid response

2) how hormones work

Answer 7

1)when you pull hand away (hot)(example), when your touch hot thing activates sensory neurone, within spinal cord relay neuron sends message to motor neuron, message sent to brain, reflex arc involves only a few neurons and is therefore very rapid. 2) produced in very small amounts and travel through body reaching all cells, hormones shale varied, hormone only active in ones that fit it

Question 8

1) endocrine system(what controlled by)

2) controlling internal environment

Answer 8

1)controls amount of water glucose in body, controls pubescent changes, hormones produced in endocrine glands which release hormones directly into bloodstream, controlled by pituianry gland, hypothalamus links endo system and nervous, pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands (1cm in diameter), 2)your body works most efficiently when internal environment is reasonably constant , the output from the feedback system becomes the input into sensor of air conditioner

Question 9

1) wave motion

2) wave properties

Answer 9

1)energy of impact travel outwards, water particles move up and down, transfer of energy without transfer of matter is called WAVE MOTION, transverse waves vibrate at right angles to wave direction, longitudinal wave particles vibrate back and forth same direction of wave. 2) number of waves a second is frequency, wavelength is distance between two successive waves, amplitude is max distance it extends from middle point. Long wavelength: high freq
Short wavelength: low freq

Question 10

1) Electromagnetic radiation

2) electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 10

1)when electric charges move, generated naturally in an upper atmosphere and from stars 2)entire range of frequencies, low energy- radio waves, high energy-gamma rays, energy of radiation increases frequency of wave increases and wavelength decreases, electromagnetic radiation all travel at speed of light, can travel through empty space, gas, liquids and solids, heated substances can change

Question 11

1) visible spectrum
2) colour
3) seeing in colour
4) colour vision

Answer 11

1)rainbow of colours that combine to from white light, visible light is a small band of frequencies. 2)red(least refracted and bent) orange yellow green blue indigo violet(most bent and refracted)(all have different wavelengths and frequencies). 3)pigments determine colour, black absorbs, white reflects 4) eyes have 3 types of photoreceptors, each sensitive to one of the three primary colours

Question 12

1) polarisation of light

2) radio waves

Answer 12

1)light travels as an electromagnetic wave in three dimensions, Polaroid sunglasses don’t allow certain waves vibrating through , electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency than that of visible light is titled low-energy radiation. 2)television and radio transmits through it, produced through vibrating electrons in an aerial, longest wavelengths of all electromagnetic radiation, lowest frequency/lowest energy form

Question 13

1) AM and FM radio
2) microwaves
3) modern communication networks

Answer 13

1)all broadcast at a particular frequency, carrier waves after being detected are subtracted from the signal leaving original signal, amplified and directed through speakers where it is converted once more, FM wavelength= 3 metres/ AM wavelength=100+ metres, AM suffer interference 2) heat transferred from sun to earth, infrared lower frequency than red light, cannot see it but can feel it

Question 14

1) modern communications networks
2) analogue or digital signals
3) diffraction
4) optical fibre

Answer 14

1)satellite relays 2)copper wires connected to landline phones/ are designed to carry and analogue signal, limited as they suffer interference when they travel/ signal loss 3)AM radios bend around large objects-worse quality when interfered4) light flashed through-converted into digital signals

Question 15

1) ultraviolet rays
2) x-rays
3) gamma rays

Answer 15

1)higher frequency than violet, ultra means beyond, in sunlight, giving us vitamin D, can cause melanoma, cause cataracts in eyes. 2)produced when electrons hit a metal surface, can view damaged cells and tissue, used in radiology, can kill or prevent cancer cells. 3)used in making of weapons, free electrons from their atom, used to kill cancerous cells, pet scams, wavelength one-billionth of a a metre

Question 16

1) bacteria
2) bacterial diseases
3) the immune system

Answer 16

1)disease is anything that disrupts boderly functions, bacteria is microscopic unicellular organsms, important part of a natural environment waste nutrients. 2)infectious disease can spread, easiest spread are described as contagious, treated with antibiotics, immune system would have to fight off infections 3)food and water>food poisoning cholera, breathing in >fly pneumonia tuberoulasis, cuts and wounds >tetanus blood poisoning, sexual contact>Conorrhoea syphilis HIV, other contact >anthrax, lephrasy

Question 17

1) 3 lines of defence
2) swell, inflame and redden
3) lymphatic system

Answer 17

1)prevent pathogens from Entering the body, skin(barrier), fluid/saliva(antiseptic traits), air entered-filtered by cilia, digested-acid kills 2)damaged cells release histamine-more blood flow to area, special white blood cells called-neutrophil. 3)series of vessels and capillaries that carry blood around to heart, in swelled areas, lymph nodes contain WBC, lymphocytes and macrophages. macrophages make antibody, antibodies allow for more consumption

Question 18

1) vaccination
2) tetanus
3) hygiene

Answer 18

1)chemicals that cause your body to react as if it had not met pathogen, created by taken small amount of poison produced in bacterium And making it inactive, body makes antibodies to keep you immune to pathogen 2)live in deep soil/deep in body, enter through puncture wounds (rusty metal), causes muscle spasm 3)can prevent catching of disease, gastro prevents, wash hand, eat food wisely

Question 19

1) viruses
2) colds and flu
3) childhood diseases

Answer 19

1)pathogens that are 1000 times smaller than bacteria, only can invade host cells, 5000+ types. 2)over 200 viruses cause colds, attacks threat lining-extra mucus, influenza is caught breathing in contaminated particles, different to colds-flu more severe, body finds immunity to that virus but they change, body produces new antibodies to fight 3)vulnerable new born, so easier to catch disease

Question 20

1) measles
2) chicken pox
3) parasitic disease
4) malaria

Answer 20

1)viral disease spread by infected sneezing, runny nose-sore eyes than rash, rare side effects-hearing loss brain damage. 2)cause runny nose and fever-rash(small itchy bumps), after infection virus can remain inactive in nerve cells but then create shingles later. 3)organism that lives in a host and takes its nutrients. 4)infection caused by a parasite in water, carried by mozzies, most widespread disease

Question 21

1) amoebic dynestry
2) fungi
3) tinea
4) thrush

Answer 21

1)disease spread by contaminated water, caused by single cell organism, infected by swallowing parasite in water, people can remain infectious for years. 2)mushrooms can cause life threatening disease, spores spread it, fungal infections contagious. 3)produced red inflamed skin, eats dead cells then living cells if not treated=blood, white patches-itchy uncomfortable, antibiotics caused

Question 22

1) nutrition
2) protein
3) carbs
4) fats
5) vitamins
6) water

Answer 22

1)necessary for good health and growth carbs fats and water, 2)used for growth and repair from meat and fish, Main energy source 3)min energy source starch and sugars-fresh veggies grains4)provide 2xenergy of carbs, stored as energy-oil and fats. 5)control many chemical reactions in the body, 6) water carries nutrients around no energy or nutrients.

Question 23

1) minerals
2) health diet
3) under nutrition

Answer 23

1)iron, calcium, sodium-don’t provide energy yet important for health, iron and haemogolbin in blood cells, calcium and phosphorus build strong bones and teeth, important for metabolism, sodium and potassium balance water content in body, nerves need to work effectively. 2)disease occurs when people get to much or to little to eat, don’t eat in equal qualities, food groups 3)nutrition diet doesn’t meet needs of body

Question 24

1) kuoshiorkor
2) scurvy
3) rickets
4) weight and obesity
5) caffeine
6) diabetes

Answer 24

1)missing protein, swelled belly even though starving, cannot build up muscle. 2)gums bleed-teeth fall out. 3) children lacking calcium and vitamin d- bones bend. 4)to much fat stored in cells causes obesity and high blood pressure. 5)drug stimulant that acts on brain, too much can lead to restlessness 6)lack of insulin or insensitivity to insulin (insulin hormone that regulates blood sugar)

Question 25

1) high blood pressure

2) too much salt

Answer 25

1)heart is the pump that circulates blood, faster pump-higher pressure, can cause heart attack or stroke. 2)small amount of salt is necessary-kidneys need it to balance, salt and water in the body-correct volumes circulating around body, too much forces kidneys to work overtime, leading to failure-high blood pressure

Question 26

1) type of diabetes 1
2) type 2
3) environmental disease

Answer 26

1)stops making insulin, must inject insulin themselves, can be genetic/linked to lifestyle 2)body has become resistant to insulin, glucose levels high, glucose gets converted to fat, connected to lifestyle. 3)environmental factors like natural occurring minerals and human made chemicals can be harmful to our health, asbestos natural occurring mineral