Science skills and research methods

Question 1

state the order of the scientific method (6)

Answer 1

make an observation, form a hypothesis, perform the experiment, analyze the data, report your findings, invite other to reproduce the results

Question 2

emprical evidence

Answer 2

data collected through direct observation or experiments

Question 3

aim

Answer 3

statement outlining the purpose of study

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

testable prediction about the outcome of a study

Question 5

variable

Answer 5

factor or element of experiment that’s manipulated or measured

Question 6

population

Answer 6

group of people of interest to an experiment

Question 7

what do you need to include in a hypothesis?

Answer 7

independent and dependent variables, direction of hypothesis and population

Question 8

what is the independent variable?

Answer 8

variable that’s manipulated to cause an effect

Question 9

what is the dependent variable

Answer 9

variable that’s measured for a change that’s occurred

Question 10

operationalisation

Answer 10

process of defining variables - how they’re measured or manipulated in experiment

Question 11

experiment

Answer 11

study that’s conducted in a controlled environment - measure effect between variables

Question 12

self-report

Answer 12

participants personal experience

Question 13

how can self-reports be investigated?

Answer 13

questionnaire, interview or rating scale

Question 14

questionnaire

Answer 14

list of questions that participants respond to in variety of formats

Question 15

interview

Answer 15

questionnaire that is usually conducted verbally

Question 16

rating-scales

Answer 16

a form of questionnaire collecting numerical

data from participants’ responses

Question 17

observational study

Answer 17

type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants

Question 18

case study

Answer 18

in-depth study of an individual or a very small group of individuals

Question 19

longitudinal study

Answer 19

type of investigation in which data’s gathered from participants over an extended period of time, and the participants are followed up after
specific time intervals

Question 20

Cross-sectional study

Answer 20

data collected from participants from different segments of population to represent a ‘snapshot’ in time

Question 21

control group

Answer 21

group that’s used as a comparison; participants aren’t exposed to the experimental condition/s (the IV)

Question 22

experimental group

Answer 22

group within an experiment that are exposed to experimental condition/s (the IV)

Question 23

independent groups design

Answer 23

between group design - experimental design with two or more groups - control group

Question 24

repeated measures design

Answer 24

within group design -

Question 25

Matched participants design

Answer 25

paired up, both tested in different conditions

Question 26

independent groups design

Answer 26

between group design - experimental design with two or more groups - split into control and experimental

Question 27

repeated measures design

Answer 27

within group design - participate in both control and experimental groups

Question 28

repeated measures design

Answer 28

within group design - participate in both control and experimental groups, one after another

Question 29

independent groups design

Answer 29

between group design - experimental design with two or more groups - split into control and experimental

Question 30

repeated measures design

Answer 30

within group design - participate in both control and experimental groups, one after another

Question 31

Matched participants design

Answer 31

paired up, both tested in different conditions

Question 32

sample

Answer 32

subset of the population, commonly referred to

as the research participants

Question 33

sampling

Answer 33

process through which the participants for a study are selected from the population of interest

Question 34

state the 3 main types of sampling

Answer 34

convenience sampling, random sampling and stratified sampling

Question 35

state one benefit and one limitation for an experiment?

Answer 35

variables can be controlled, manipulated and measured - effect can be determined