Science Set 1 Flashcards by Andrea Collins

In a common undergraduate lab, students synthesize this compound through phosphoric acid-catalyzed
ester-ification. This compound’s starting chemical was formerly extracted from (*) willow bark by doctors,
and its modern form was patented by Bayer. Acetyl-salicylic acid is another name for, for ten points, which NSAID
[en-sed] pain reliever that can cause more gastro-intestinal side effects than ibuprofen?

aspirin

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The Lockheed WP-3D Orion is a nicknamed a “hunter” of these systems, which cannot form near the
equator due to a weak Coriolis force. The Saffir-Simpson scale classifies these weather systems, which have
an (*) eyewall that drives a storm surge onto land in instances of these system classified as “Category 5.” For ten
points, name these violent, tropical Atlantic cyclones exemplified by Ida and Katrina.

hurricanes

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Systems composed of a pendulum and this device can be modeled by the Duffing equation. This device’s
force is equal to stiffness times extension, or “kx” [K-X], according to (*) Hooke’s law, which describes these
simple harmonic oscillators. For ten points, name this device, used in trampolines and pogo sticks, that stores energy
in its often-metal coils.

springs

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) Larvae of the insect family Agro-myzi-dae are “miners” of these structures, where bundle-sheath
cells are found. These structures can be “palmately compound,” and they have parallel veins in monocots.
Carotenoid pigments that are (*) yellow and orange become more prominent in these structures before they are
shed by deciduous trees. For ten points, name these green plant structures that are the primary site of photosynthesis.

: leaf (accept leaves;

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W and Z particles mediate this fundamental force responsible for beta decay. The physicists Glashow, Weinberg,
and Salam successfully unified this force with electromagnetism

weak nuclear force

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Most attempts at a unified theory fail because of this force, which Newton used to explain the motion of planets
around the Sun. In relativity, this force is a distortion in spacetime around an object.

gravity

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The observed decay of these positively-charged particles would be good evidence for several unified theories, but
experiments suggest it may take 1035 years [ten to the thirty-fifth years] to occur.

protons

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Name this astronomical object that can experience namesake “spots,” dark regions on its surface caused by magnetic
activity.

sun

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Sunspots are still very bright; they only look dark compared to this layer, the “visible” surface of the sun, where
energy is released as light.

photosphere

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This other phenomenon can make parts of the sun appear dark. In these events, a syzygy, or the lining-up of three
astronomical objects, causes the moon to block out the Earth’s view of the sun.

solar eclipse

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Name this group of roughly six elements that includes boron, arsenic, and germanium. This group’s name reflects
that its properties are between those of elements like gold and oxygen.

metalloids

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The semiconductor industry relies heavily on germanium and this element with symbol Si to build components like
transistors and microchips

: silicon

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When the metalloid antimony is blended with tin, the result is this alloy, traditionally used to make dishes, pitchers,
and beer tankard

pewter

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Name this mechanism of evolution in which individuals with favorable traits for an environment survive longer and
pass those traits to their offspring.

natural selection

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Unlike “directional” selection, this type of natural selection favors two extreme phenotypes. This type of selection
explains why finches on Santa Cruz island have either small or large beaks, with very few having medium-sized
beaks

: disruptive selection

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In some African countries like Mozambique, this trait has increased in elephant populations from five to thirty-five
percent in two generations. Pressure from poachers has created a directional selection for this trait, especially in
female elephants.

: tuskless (accept any description of elephants having no tusks)

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) Each of bromine and this element name a type of number used to characterize the unsaturation of fats.
A common clock reaction changes color when this element complexes with starch. Pills containing potassium
and this element may be issued to victims of (*) nuclear disasters. A product whose name combines this element
and “beta” is a popular skin antiseptic. For ten points, name this purplish halogen that can be added to table salt for
thyroid health, and that has atomic number 53 and symbol I [EYE

Iodine

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Xanthe-lasma is caused by deposits of this compound under the skin. It is not bile, but yellow gallstones
are primarily crystals of this molecule, whose four-ring structure is the precursor of (*) steroid hormones.
The best-selling drug of all time is a statin that lowers this molecule’s LDL or “bad” form. For ten points, name this
lipid molecule that is concentrated in shellfish and egg yolks, and that forms plaques that harden arteries.

cholesterol

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A McLeod gauge is attached to equipment operating under this condition, which minimizes heat
conduction within a Dewar flask. This phenomenon exists between Magdeburg hemispheres, and is found
above the mercury (*) column in a Torricelli barometer. Robert Boyle designed an air pump to prove that sound
cannot travel through this medium. Aristotle said that “nature abhors,” for ten points, what condition in which a
space is entirely devoid of matter?

vacuum

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This astronomical body is orbited by the second most trojans in the solar system, and by the largestknown non-spherical satellite, Proteus. This planet’s surface has the solar system’s fastest winds, which
create the (*) “Scooter” cloud formation as well as a now-dissipated storm nicknamed the “Great Dark Spot.”
Fourteen moons, including Triton, orbit, for ten points, what vivid blue eighth planet from the Sun?

Neptune

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Humus [HYOO-muss], a dark organic matter made of the decomposed remains of dead plants and animals,
forms much of the top layer of this substance. For ten points each,
Name this substance made of organic matter and sand, silt, or clay, in which plants can grow

soil (accept topsoil; accept dirt; accept earth)

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By one estimate, each gram of soil contains one million organisms from this kingdom, which does much of the
work of decomposition. This kingdom includes mold and yeast.

fungi (accept fungus)

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In the tundra and taiga biomes, the most abundant animal life in the soil is worms from this phylum that includes
the model organism C. elegans

Nematoda (accept nematodes; accept roundworms

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Above eight thousand meters, this layer is called the “death zone” because its effective oxygen percentage is
just eight percent, compared to twenty-one percent at sea level. For ten points each,
Name this lowest region of Earth’s atmosphere, where all weather occurs.

troposphere

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The troposphere over large urban areas like Los Angeles and Mexico City tends to trap this visible, toxic form of air pollution that consists of nitrogen and sulfur oxides

smog

Urban air tends to trap smog close to the ground because of an inversion of this quantity, which normally decreases with altitude toward the top of the troposphere, where it can drop below negative fifty Celsius.

temperature

Along with a flame test, elements in solution can be identified using qualitative analysis. Answer these questions about the process, for ten points each. Much of qualitative analysis depends on this kind of reaction in which two ions combine to form a solid that sinks to the bottom of a test tube.

precipitation (accept precipitate)

Lead [led], silver, and mercury can be identified quickly because they precipitate with this anion found in table salt.

chloride

Because it behaves so much like iron, this metal is difficult to identify in solution, requiring eight steps to form a rose red precipitate. This element has chemical symbol Ni [N-I

nickel

A boat’s outboard motor in water produces this type of motion, which is contrasted with laminar flow. For ten points each, Name this type of fluid movement in which particles experience unpredictable changes in velocity and pressure. Airplanes experience this phenomenon at the boundaries of air masses moving at different speeds.

turbulence

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can be predicted using this dimensionless number named for a British physicist. For a circular water pipe, turbulence occurs when this number is greater than four thousand.

Reynolds

The dimples on this type of ball increase its Reynolds number to about fifty thousand, greatly reducing air resistance and increasing distance when it is struck with a club such as a three-iron

golf ball

A “Wankel” [VON-kull] one of these devices uses a Reauleaux triangle rotor. This device’s “Carnot” [kar-NOH] type has perfect efficiency. A “four-stroke” type of these devices once relied on carburetors for proper air mixture. (*) Piston compression causes ignition in the “Diesel” type of these devices, which may convey rotational motion via crankshaft. For ten points, which device’s “internal combustion” type is found in most cars?

engines accept motors

One of these objects is at the center of astronomical object 3C 273, which is the most distant object visible through a backyard telescope because it is brighter than all stars in its surrounding galaxy combined. For ten points each, Name these astronomical objects that are so dense that not even light can escape from their event horizons

black holes

3C 273 is one of these objects, the most luminous type of object in the universe. These objects are composed of an active galactic nucleus powered by a supermassive black hole.

quasars

Radio astronomer Maarten Schmidt confirmed the vast distance between quasars and Earth by measuring the high degree of this shift, an example of the Doppler effect

redshift

You’ve decided to buy a DNA testing kit and get your genealogical profile. Answer these questions about the process, for ten points each. Before the company can sequence the DNA in your saliva sample, this process is used to amplify the DNA. This process uses a thermal cycler and Taq [tack] polymerase enzyme

PCR (accept polymerase chain reaction)

The company can trace your matrilineal ancestry using DNA from your mitochondria. If you are male, your father’s line can be traced using this chromosome.

Y chromosome

Since 2012, companies can look for variants in genes like SPAG17 and TTF1 to determine what percentage of your DNA was inherited from this other humanoid species that went extinct about forty thousand years ago.

Neanderthals

In theory, a meta-material super-lens could be used to see a nano-machine at work because the lens has a negative value for this quantity. For ten points each, Name this optical quantity, the ratio of light’s speed in a vacuum to its speed in a medium. This quantity is about 1.33 for water and 2.42 for diamond.

: index of refraction

For a light wave at the boundary of two media, this law states the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction equals the reciprocal ratio of the indices of refraction

Snell’s law

At the boundary between air and a polished silver surface, Snell’s law predicts that 95% of incident light will experience this phenomenon instead of refraction. This phenomenon explains why you can see yourself in a mirror.

reflection

Perfectly elastic collisions and negligible particle volume are two of the assumptions made in the kinetic theory of these substances. For ten points each, Name this state of matter whose molecules are in constant, random motion, but with much greater separation between particles than in a liquid.

gases

Using kinetic theory, it is possible to derive Fick’s laws of this process, in which gas particles spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

diffusion

While kinetic theory assumes an ideal gas, this equation models real gases using a and b parameters to correct for intermolecular attraction and particle volume, respectively

: Van der Waals equation

On the Pauling scale, calcium’s electronegativity is this number. Racemization [RAY-suh-mah-ZAY-shun] requires this many steps. Silver’s most common oxidation state is this number, which is also the number of hydroxyl groups in phenol. A (*) methyl group contains this many carbon atoms, and halogens need this many additional electrons to reach a full valence octet. For ten points, give this group number of the alkali metals that is also hydrogen’s atomic number.

one (accept plus one or one plus)

Zoologist Sten Bergman suggested that a very large species of this animal once lived on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Climate change has caused members of a northern species of this animal to drown while swimming between (*) ice floes, and thousands of its Kodiak subspecies are attracted to annual salmon runs. For ten points, name this omnivorous mammal with “grizzly” and “polar” species

bears

This quantity and charge are used to predict bond type, according to Fajans’ rules. The Van der Waals definition of this quantity is “half the distance of closest approach,” and an unusual 4-F row reduction in this quantity results from (*) lanthanide contraction. This quantity is largest for cesium and francium, and often decreases when metals lose electrons to form cations. For ten points, name this size measurement that is half the diameter of a neutral atom

atomic radius

) Robert Dicke’s theory of gravity assumes that this quantity is variable. The Lorentz factor includes a ratio of velocity to this quantity. A rotating mirror is used in a Fizeau-Foucault apparatus to measure this quantity, which is exceeded by (*) electrons in water to produce Cherenkov radiation. Special relativity holds this quantity to be the same for all observers. For ten points, name this theoretically maximum velocity, equal to about three hundred million meters per second.

speed of light in a vacuum

The inaccurate Titius-Bode Law predicted a planet at 2.8 astronomical units from the sun, inspiring the search for these objects. Ceres is both the nearest (*) dwarf planet to Earth and the largest one of these objects, which occupy a band punctuated by Kirkwood gaps. The solar system has hundreds of thousands of, for ten points, what objects in space that inhabit a namesake “belt” between Mars and Jupiter?

: asteroids

) According to the VSEPR [vesper] theory of molecular geometry, the compound methane has this shape. For ten points each, Name this shape observed when a central atom is bonded to four other atoms, each of them spaced as far apart as possible.

tetrahedral

All of the bond angles in a tetrahedral molecule of methane measure this many degrees, rounded to one decimal place.

109.5 degrees

While beryllium fluoride molecules will arrange themselves tetrahedrally as a liquid, as a gas they have a linear shape and a bond angle of this many degrees.

180 degrees

The formation sequence of this mineral starts with peat and proceeds through lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. For ten points each, Name this carbon-based sedimentary rock that also serves as a major fossil fuel. It is burned in power plants that supply forty percent of the world’s electricity

coal

In general, coal is extracted from underground mines and open pits, or by this method in which long bands of earth are removed from the surface. This method tends to obliterate landscapes and cause severe soil erosion.

strip mining

Like oil, coal can be transported through pipelines by using water to form this type of solid-liquid mixture. A 1972 flood of this coal mixture killed more than one hundred people in West Virginia.

: slurry

Abraham Maslow believed that fully self-actualized people underwent feelings of harmony called “peak experiences,” which could be induced with these substances. For ten points each, Name this class of drugs that includes psilocybin and LSD. Today, these drugs are being researched for their potential use in treating depression.

psychedelic drugs

In addition to depression, psychedelic drugs may also help treat this disorder that might be caused by exposure to highly shocking or hurtful events, such as abuse, assault, or war.

post-traumatic stress disorder (accept PTSD; prompt on “anxiety”)

Another focus of psychedelic research is the treatment of the “cluster” type of this common ailment. A severe form of this ailment is called a migraine

: cluster headache

Wholly aquatic amphibians tend to excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia, and terrestrial amphibians excrete this waste product. For ten points each, Name this chemical with formula CH4N2O [spell out], a waste product of protein digestion in mammals that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

urea

The cycle that generates urea from amino acids occurs mainly in this organ that is also responsible for detoxifying alcohol

liver

Another nitrogenous waste substance, uric acid, can form crystals that cause both kidney stones and this painful swelling of the joints, which often starts at the big toe.

gout [gow-t]

A heterodyne shifts between different ranges of this quantity, whose “cutoff” type marks the boundary between the stopband and passband. For a simple pendulum, this quantity is proportional to the square root of “little g” over (*) length, and it can be calculated as wave speed divided by wavelength. The reciprocal of the period is, for ten points, which quantity measured in hertz, the number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit of time?

frequency

African spiny mice are the most capable mammals at performing this process, which requires blastema cells. Unlike other annelids, leeches cannot perform this process, which most arthropods can do until their final (*) molt. Medical researchers have tried to reverse engineer this process that is slow in starfish but rapid in salamanders that have lost limbs. For ten points, name this process that gives a lizard a replacement when it sheds its tail.

regeneration

Before amylase enzyme was isolated, this compound was used to turn corn starch into glucose syrup. The “fizz test” for calcium carbonate applies a muri-atic solution of this compound to rocks. Gold will dissolve in a mixture of (*) nitric acid and this compound, called “aqua regia.” Water and table salt are the products when this compound reacts with sodium hydroxide. Stomach acid consists of, for ten points, which strong acid with formula HCl [H-C-L]?

hydrochloric acid

A 2015 study of this region by coda-wave cross-correlation found that it contains spheres with iron crystals aligned at right angles to each other. This region lies under the “D double-prime” layer, and although (*) P-waves are transmitted through it, S-waves are not. Geo-dynamo theory holds that the rotation of this region’s liquid outer zone generates Earth’s magnetic field. For ten points, name this region of Earth consisting of an iron-nickel alloy found below the mantle

: Earth’s core

Many toilet bowl cleaners carry a warning not to mix them with bleach because deadly chloroform gas will result. Answer these questions about the chemistry of other household cleaning products, for ten points each. Oven cleaners and drain cleaners that contain lye are examples of the “strong” type of these compounds, which have a pH greater than seven

base

This term labels soaps like Dawn and Tide, which use surfactants to make grease and fats more soluble in water, and therefore easier to wash away

detergents

Though more common in cooking, this compound, also known as baking soda, can be used to remove odors from laundry and coffee stains from cups.

sodium bicarbonate

It was once common for high school students to determine this characteristic for themselves in the lab using a lancet and a Coombs antibody test. For ten points each, Name this human trait whose “O-negative” type is called the universal donor, and whose “AB-positive” is the universal recipient.

blood-type

Blood typing is mandatory to avoid a fatal reaction during this procedure, in which a patient is given new blood intravenously from a donor.

blood transfusion

The positive or negative designation in a person’s blood type refers to this factor, usually represented with two letters, which is named for the monkey species in which it was first observed.

Rh factor

By substituting this law into the equation for electric flux, Gauss’s law can be derived. For ten points each, Name this law that states the electrostatic force between two particles is directly proportional to the magnitude of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Coulomb’s law

Coulomb’s law also states that if one particle has a positive charge and the other is negative, then they will experience this type of interaction, also observed between the north and south poles of two magnets

attraction

As a unit of electric charge, one coulomb is equivalent to one ampere-second. The ampere is the unit of this electric quantity, the flow of charged particles through a conductor. This quantity may be described as alternating or direct

electric current

Darwin used this word to describe the “slave” nature of worker ants that care for juveniles. The restlessness of captive-bred sparrows suggests that (*) migration has this quality, as does the fixed-action pattern of geese rolling eggs back to their nests. The palmar grasp reflex of babies is a rare human example of this unlearned type of behavior. For ten points, name this kind of innate behavior that animals know how to perform from birth.

instinct

Celluloid film stock becomes brittle with age because this process affects the camphor within it. “Cold finger” purification begins with this process, which allows iodine crystals to expose latent fingerprints. A curve representing this change is below the (*) triple point on a phase diagram, and its reverse is called deposition. For ten points, name this phase change, seen when dry ice becomes carbon dioxide vapor at room temperature, in which a solid changes directly into gas

sublimation

This quality can be described with Vickers numbers, or with a system that ranks cubic boron nitride just below its highest classification, and places alkali metals near zero. A sclerometer can be used to find this value’s (*) “scratch” form, which is measured on a scale in which talc has a rank of one. For ten points, the Mohs scale ranks diamond as ten on its measure of this property. the ability of a material to resist being scratched or dented

hardness

This body’s phases include “waxing crescent” and “waning gibbous.” For ten points each, Identify this natural satellite of Earth that experiences a cycle of “new,” “quarter,” and “full” phases about once every thirty days.

Earth's moon

In 1610, Galileo described the moon-like phases of this planet, and concluded they could only be possible in a heliocentric solar system. This planet’s orbit and phase cycle take about two hundred twenty-five days.

Venus

Venus in its “new” phase looks larger than a “full” Venus because of the inferior type of this event, in which Earth, Venus, and the Sun form a straight line. Eclipses may take place during these events

inferior conjunction

) To supplement your college fund, you’ve decided to become an organic tomato farmer. Answer these horticultural questions, for ten points each. You can use compost or manure as an organic one of these nutrient supplements for your crop. These substances should contain sufficient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

fertilizer

If your leaves turn yellow, it’s a good bet that the soil is deficient in magnesium, a necessary component of this plant pigment

chlorophyll

Fortunately, you no longer have to worry about convincing customers that tomatoes are edible, unlike their relatives henbane and belladonna in this plant family.

nightshade

Though it is perhaps not its most famous application, formaldehyde is mainly used to make resins for products like particle board and laminate flooring. Answer these questions about its chemistry, for ten points each. Formaldehyde is classified as this type of compound, along with benzene and sugar, because it contains carbon and is produced by cellular reactions.

: organic compound

Formaldehyde is synthesized industrially by the oxidation of this simplest alcohol with formula CH3OH [C-H-3-OH].

methanol

Formaldehyde has traditionally been a major component of the fluid injected into a body during this process that fixes tissues and slows decomposition by microorganisms

embalming

The third object with this name contained faulty components that prevented it from mapping the Van Allen belt during the International Geophysical Year. A dog named (*) Laika became the first animal in space aboard the second of these objects and, in 1957, the first object with this name kicked off the Space Race. For ten points, name this series of Soviet spacecraft that included Earth’s first artificial satellite.

Sputnik program

The RC circuit constant, tau, is a value of this quantity, which is the independent variable when taking a dot derivative. Multiplying the square of this quantity by one-half of little g gives free fall displacement. One unit of this quantity is based on the hyperfine transition of (*) cesium-133. This quantity dilates at near-light speed, which can be calculated by dividing distance by this quantity. For ten points, name this quantity measured in minutes and seconds

time

Many examples of these compounds begin as resins. Urea-formaldehyde forms one of these compounds that acts as a concrete binder. A Ziegler-Natta catalyst can promote the step-growth mechanism to make these compounds. Vinyl acetate is used to synthesize several (*) plastic types of these compounds, and isoprene sub-units allow latex to harden into natural rubber ones. Rayon and nylon are, for ten points, what large compounds made from chains of monomers?

polymers

One pathogen in this family causes bluecomb disease in turkeys, and another may be carried by the Asian palm civet. The National Wastewater Surveillance System tracks one of these pathogens, others of which have caused (*) MERS and SARS epidemics. Named for envelope spikes that resemble a layer of the Sun, this virus is combated by RNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer. For ten points, name this virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.

coronavirus

Nicotine addiction results when the drug binds to receptors for this neuro-transmitter in the brain. For ten points each, Name this neurotransmitter released by motor neurons to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscles. Voluntary movement requires that this neurotransmitter not be inhibited.

acetylcholine

Powerful inhibitors of the acetyl-choline receptor system are found naturally in the venom of some of these animals, such as the sea krait and black mamba

snakes

Another acetylcholine inhibitor is botulinum toxin, which can smooth wrinkles, but also causes a deadly form of this condition when present in canned goods.

food poisoning

The metal activity series predicts that aluminum will take the place of silver in a solution due to one of these reactions. For ten points each, Name this type of chemical reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound. These reactions have the general form “A plus B C yields B plus A C.”

single displacement

The first metals in the activity series, including potassium and lithium, are all members of this highly reactive group

alkali metals

At the bottom of the activity series is this transition metal, found in a car’s catalytic converter, that is more expensive than gold when used in jewelry

platinum

Give the following about museums in Chicago, for ten points each. A well-preserved Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton nicknamed Sue is found in this Chicago natural history museum, found by the lakeshore in Chicago’s Museum Campus.

ANSWER: Field Museum of Natural History

The Field Museum is next door to one of these facilities, named for John G. Shedd, that includes exhibits like the Caribbean Reef and the Waters of the World

ANSWER: Shedd Aquarium

Just east of the Field Museum and Shedd Aquarium is one of these facilities, named for businessman Max Adler, that includes the Doane Observatory and an Astronomical Museum

Adler Planetarium

In parts of India and sub-Saharan Africa, this insecticide is no longer used to control malaria because twenty-five percent of the mosquito population is resistant to it. For ten points each, Name this pesticide developed by Paul Muller that was widely used in agriculture and urban areas after the Second ¨ World War. Its 1972 ban in the US was prompted by its destructive impact on wildlife.

ANSWER: DDT (accept dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

The environmental hazards of DDT became widely known because of this 1962 Rachel Carson book. This book’s title effect is a result of DDT killing all the birds.

Silent Spring

Silent Spring noted that ingestion of DDT caused the thinning of these reproductive structures. In birds, the chemical causes these structures to crack before the young inside can develop and hatch.

eggshells

) A 2021 article in Scientific American explains “Why [this field] Matters,” despite being commonly cited as the least valuable undergraduate major. For ten points each, Name this social science that is concerned with culture and society on a wider scale than sociology

anthropology

The Scientific American article focuses on anthropology’s role in the evolving understanding of this concept as a social, not biological, construct, as well as its historical use in justifying discrimination based on skin color.

race

This 20th century pioneer claimed that the purpose of anthropology “is to make the world safe for human differences.” This compatriot of Margaret Mead analyzed the differences between America and Imperial Japan during World War II in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.

Ruth Benedict

When Louis Pasteur said “chance favors the prepared mind,” he was referring to the work of this Danish physicist. For ten points each, Name this man who observed in 1820 that a compass needle was deflected from north by a current-carrying wire nearby.

Hans Christian Oersted

Oersted’s observations proved that an electric current generates this type of field. The Earth’s field of this type has an average strength around fifty micro-teslas.

magnetic field

Under Oersted’s law, the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using this kind of rule, in which the thumb points in the direction of the current and the fingers are curled.

right hand rule