science revision Flashcards
Understand that body systems work in coordination to provide the requirements for life (e.g. oxygen, nutrients such as glucose, water and removal of waste).
Your circulatory system carries oxygen, water, and nutrients to cells throughout your body. Wastes from the cells are eliminated by your respiratory system, your excretory system, and your skin. Your nervous system controls all these activities with electrical impulses.
metabolism
the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy
excretion
the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism.
homeostasis
A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
identify the location of sense receptors in the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose
chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors located in the ears.
Consider the need for receptors inside the body as well as external sense receptors
to help us learn about the environment around us, or about the state of our internal environment.
Understand the divisions of the nervous system including central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
Understand that the brain has different regions that carry out different functions
THE FRONTAL LOBE is for personality and emotions, higher thinking skills, like problem solving; and controlling movement.
identify and recall the parts of the brain that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
hypothalamus and brain stem.
Understand the structure of a neuron and how this relates to its function
Their function is to send electrical impulses and chemical signals to and from the brain. Most neurons have three parts, including a cell body, which contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm, an axon, which transmits information away from the nucleus, and dendrites, which receive messages from other neurons.
Classify neurons into three different types
Sensory neurons. …
Motor neurons. …
Interneurons.
describe the differences between them in relation to structure and function
Structure refers to shape or arrangement whereas, function refers to the role.
Describe the path a nervous impulse conducts from one neuron to the next
A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the surface of the receiving (i.e., postsynaptic) neuron.
Describe a stimulus-response model for a nerve pathway
usually a random, pseudo-random or natural sensory stimulus sequence presented under controlled conditions
Describe a reflex arc pathway
In a reflex arc, the sensory neuron sends a signal to the interneuron and activates it. The interneuron then relays that signal to the next neuron, a motor neuron. Motor neurons connect with interneurons in the spinal cord. They send messages from the central nervous system to the body.
Explain why reflex arcs are necessary
it provides a quick and automatic response to potentially harmful stimuli, allowing the body to quickly protect itself.
Define the term hormone
chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.
Explain the roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, outlining the coordinated response between the nervous and endocrine systems
The hypothalamus produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of pituitary hormones.
Describe a simple model of how hormones work with respect to receptors on target tissues to affect an action inside a cell
The receptor will process the message by initiating other signaling events or cellular mechanisms that result in the target cell’s response.
Contrast the endocrine and nervous systems
the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (hormones, produced by glands) while the nervous system uses electrical signaling (neural impulses).
Describe the key parts of a negative feedback loop
stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector.
Distinguish between a stimulus response model and a negative feedback loop
A stimulus response model does not have an affect on the stimulus itself.
Apply negative feedback loops to body temperature homeostasis
if your body temperature is too high, a negative feedback loop will act to bring it back down towards the set point, or target value, of 98.6 ∘ F / 37.0 ∘ C .
Explain how internal body temperature is controlled by the nervous system
process thermal afferent inputs from the skin and the body core to control the activity of thermoeffectors.
