science revision Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms.

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2
Q

DNA

A

a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living things.

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

a long, thread-like structure composed of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.

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4
Q

Gene

A

a sequence of DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a functional molecule such as a protein or RNA molecule.

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5
Q

Haploid

A

a cell or organism containing a single set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Diploid

A

a cell or organism containing two sets of chromosomes.

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7
Q

Gamete

A

a specialized cell that combines with another to form a zygote, which develops into a new individual.

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8
Q

Somatic

A

relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind.

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9
Q

Helix

A

a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire spiral or a DNA molecule.

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10
Q

Complementary base pairs

A

specific pairs of nucleotides that form the rungs of the DNA ladder: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

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11
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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12
Q

Karyotype

A

the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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13
Q

Autosomes

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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14
Q

Genome

A

all of an organism’s genetic material, including chromosomes and cytoplasmic DNA.

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15
Q

Nucleotide

A

the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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16
Q

Interphase

A

the period of the cell cycle between mitotic divisions when the cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for cell division.

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17
Q

Replication -

A

the process of copying DNA to form new DNA molecules.

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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19
Q

Mitosis

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

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20
Q

Chromatids

A

one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.

21
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

22
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

23
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a particular gene.

24
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

25
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism, as determined by the combination of alleles inherited from its parents.
26
Purebred
an organism that is homozygous for all genes studied.
27
Hybrid
an organism that is heterozygous for one or more genes.
28
Dominant trait -
a genetic trait that results from a dominant allele and is expressed in the phenotype even when the heterozygous state exists.
29
Recessive trait -
a genetic trait that results from a recessive allele and is expressed in the phenotype only when the homozygous state exists.
30
Locus -
the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
31
Evolution -
the process of gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population of organisms over time.
32
Generation
a group of organisms that are contemporaries and are descended from a common ancestor.
33
Ancestor
a person, animal, or plant from which one is descended.
34
Homologous
structures or genes that are similar in structure or sequence because they have a common ancestor.
35
Analogous
structures or genes that perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins.
36
Distribution -
the geographic range of a particular species or group of organisms.
37
Variation
a difference in a physical or genetic trait among individuals in a population.
38
Inheritance -
the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
39
Offspring
the biological progeny of an organism
40
Population -
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area.
41
Fossil -
the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past.
42
Comparative anatomy -
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
43
Embryology
the study of the development of embryos and fetuses.
44
Pentadactyl -
having five digits on hands and feet.
45
Speciation -
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
46
Biodiversity -
the variety and variability of life on Earth, including the number of species and their genetic diversity.
47
Isolation -
a barrier that prevents or restricts the exchange of genes between populations of a species.
48
Selection -
the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time.
49
Interbreeding -
the breeding of individuals from different populations or species.