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TEAS Cards > Science review > Flashcards

Science review Flashcards

1
Q

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria
Archaebacteria

Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleotide - DNA
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Some have flagella
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3
Q

mesoderm

A
  • the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
  • precursor to circulatory, skeletal, muscular & excretory systems
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4
Q

ectoderm

A
  • outside layer of an embryo

- becomes nervous system & epidermal cells

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5
Q

endoderm

A
  • internal layer of an embryo

- becomes gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, endocrine, auditory, and urinary system

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6
Q

mesenchyme

A
  • part of the mesoderm, but part comes from ectoderm
  • gives rise to most of the body’s connective tissues, from bones and cartilage to the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
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7
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • enzyme that speeds up process of creating DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
  • are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.
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8
Q

Kinetic energy

A

measured in joules
1/2 mv2
m=mass
v=velocity

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9
Q

potential energy

A 
PE = mgh
m = mass
g = gravity constant (= 10 m/s2)
h = height object is located
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10
Q

octyne

A

C8H14 ==> CnH2n-2 alkyne

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11
Q

gastrulation

A
  • most critical phase early in the embryonic development of most animals
  • single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula.
  • three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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12
Q

natural killer cells (NK)

A

produce perforins – pore forming proteins – that target cancer and virus cells

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13
Q

perforins

A

cause cells to lyse

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14
Q

interferons

A
  • body’s response to a viral infection
  • prevent replication of the virus after 7-10 days
  • activate macrophages & NK cells
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15
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • method used by leukocytes to respond to damaged tissue

- cytokines (chemical messengers released by damaged tissues) to announce damage and ask for help

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16
Q

diapedesis

A
  • WBC squeeze through capillary slits in response to cytokines
  • cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guide the WBC to damaged site
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17
Q

3 lines of defense

A
  1. innate - nonspecific (skin, mucous membranes, digestive enzymes)
  2. innate - fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, interferons, chemotaxis, & release of cytokines
  3. adaptive - specific = humoral (antibody mediated) and cell mediated responses.
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18
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A
  • antibodies produced for specific antigens

- antigens bind to B cells then bind w/T-helper cells, which activates B cells to produce antibodies

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19
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • T-cells (lymphocyte) recognize non-self cells
  • 3 step process:
    1. macrophages capture non self cell
    2. T-helper cell binds to it & secretes a cytokine that signals the cytotoxic T cell
    3. cytotoxic T cell responds thru chemotaxis & destroys the non self cell
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20
Q

alleles

A
  • a variant form of a gene
  • some contain mutations, which are changes in DNA that affect the way a gene functions
  • represented using letters (dominant = CAPITAL, recessive = lower case)
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21
Q

adaptation

A
  • when mutations occur in DNA that make it easier for an organism to survive (withstand environmental pressure)
  • permanent changes in DNA seqence
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22
Q

transcription

A

cells copy DNA cell information to RNA

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23
Q

translation

A

process of making the proteins that will contain the information copied in transcription

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24
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that will become an embryo

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25
Q

embryo

A

an animal or plant in early stages of development after fertilization

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26
Q

mitosis

A

process of cell duplication

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27
Q

meiosis

A
  • process by which gametes (sexual reproduction cells - egg/sperm) reduce their DNA
  • purpose: halve the # of chromosomes
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28
Q

diploid cells

A

contain 2 sets of chromosomes

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29
Q

haploid cells

A

contain only 1 set of chromosomes (gametes in mammals)

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30
Q

homologous chromosome

A
  • in a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome
  • almost identical in size, function & genes
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31
Q

stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
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32
Q

interphase

A 
- time between mitosis
3 steps of interphase
1.   G1 
2.  S phase
3.  G2
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33
Q

G1 of interphase

A
  • DNA double helix unwinds to expose bases
  • RNA base pairs to form messenger RNA strand
  • entire gene is copies into complementary mRNA
  • double helix closes & mRNA leaves nucleus
  • takes information to the ribosome
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34
Q

S phase of interphase

A
  • duplication of the double DNA strand
  • DNA double helix unwinds w/help of enzymes
  • this breaks bonds between base pairs; separates them from complementary partner
  • DNA polymerase helps synthesize new complementary bases for both strands
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35
Q

G2 phase of interphase

A
  • continued protein synthesis

- cell growth in prep for cell division

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36
Q

stages of meiosis

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

37
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • separating two sets of chromosomes into different cells

- final step of mitosis

38
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that can produce its own food

39
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that cannot produce its own food

40
Q

photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water + sunlight ==> glucose + oxygen

41
Q

cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

Includes GLYCOLYSIS and KREB’S CYCLE

42
Q

saltatory conduction

A

When an action potential spreads down an axon, the electrical impulse “jumps” from node to node.
- is called saltatory conduction.

43
Q

suffixes for hydrocarbons

  • alkanes
  • alkenes
  • alkyne
A
  1. alkanes = all single bonds (methane, propane) CnH2n+2
  2. alkenes = single bonds w/at lease one double bond (butene) CnH2n
  3. alkyne = single bond w/at least one triple bond (octane) CnH2n-2
44
Q

dependent vs independent variables

A

“independent variable” = factor controlled by the scientists.

“dependent variable” represents the output or effect.

45
Q

equation for momentum

A

mass x velocity

46
Q

inverse relationship

A

when one increases the other decreases or as one decreases the other increases.

47
Q

what characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope?

A

neutrons

  • # of protons determines which element it is
  • # number of electrons determines if the atomic particle has a positive, negative, or neutral charge.
48
Q

quantitative

A

numerical

49
Q

deductive reasoning

A

method whereby conclusions follow from general principles

  • leads to a specific conclusion
  • go from general to specific
50
Q

inductive reasoning

A

method of arriving at general principles from specific facts

  • relies heavily on a preponderance of info that leads to a certain degree of confidence in a conclusion
  • make broad generalizations from specific observations
  • go from specific to general
51
Q

binomial nomenclature

A 
Latin name of genus is capitalized, species is not capitalized
Homo sapians (should be italicized)
52
Q

natural selection

A

aka survival of the fittest

characteristics that enable organisms to survive are inherited and can be passed on to offspring and future generations

53
Q

scientific method

A
  1. id problem
  2. ask questions
  3. develop hypothesis
  4. conduct experiment & collect data
  5. analysis
  6. conclusion
54
Q

dependent variable

A

what you measure in an experiment

- dependent variable responds to the independent variable

55
Q

nucleic acids

A

a chain of nucleotides
job is to store & transmit hereditary information
RNA
DNA

56
Q

nucleotides consist of:

A

pentose (sugar)
phosphate group - molecule in the backbone of DNA & RNA that links adjoining bases together
nitrogenous base - encodes the genetic info in cells
- 5 kinds: adenine, cytosine, guanine (in DNA & RNA); thymine (only DNA); uracil (only RNA)

57
Q

purines

A

adenine

guanine

58
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine / uracil

cystine

59
Q

chromosomes

A

contain sections called genes

60
Q

genes

A
  • contain double-stranded molecules of DNA
  • contain info that specifies the production of proteins
  • send messages w/in cell and to other cells in the form of code (which happens thru complementary base pairing)
61
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells
3 types:
1. totipotent - cell with the greatest differentiation potential. Only ones that can become embryonic or placental cells.
2. pluripotent - can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body;
3. multipotent - cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells

62
Q

IPMAT

A 
Interphase 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
63
Q

Globular proteins

A

Water soluble proteins
Are built from amino acids that form chains
Each amino acid sequence produces a specific 3-D structure

64
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity

A

PH
Temperature
Substrate concentration

65
Q

Ph indicator

A

Litmus paper will indicate:
RED for acidic solutions
BLUE for basic solutions

66
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbon
No double bonds
CnH2n+2

67
Q

Alkene

A

1 double bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
CnH2n

68
Q

Alkyne

A

Triple bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
CnH2n-2

69
Q

Periodic Table

Zig zag line/stair step line

A

Metals to Left
Nonmetals to Right
Metalloids = in contact w/stair step line

70
Q

Metalloids

A
  • Elements that may accept or donate electrons readily

- Possess a mixture of metallic & nonmetallic properties

71
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion

72
Q

Anion

A

Negative ion

73
Q

Oxidation

A

Involves loss of an electron (produces a more positive ion)

74
Q

Reduction

A

Involves is gain of an electron (produces a more negative ion)

75
Q

specific heat

A

Energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Water has a high specific heat – allows it to undergo minor temp changes compared to environment

76
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid & a gas

Since a large amount of heat is needed to vaporize liquid, water acts to moderate Earth’sclimate

77
Q

Properties of WATER

A
  1. Stable molecule
  2. Max density at 4 degrees Celsius
  3. High specific heat - small changes compared to environment
  4. High heat of vaporization
  5. Universal solvent
  6. Polarity results in high surface tension & adhesion
  7. Necessary for formation of life
  8. Essential & central to metabolic processes
78
Q

codon

A
  • a 3-base code made up of the nitrogenous bases
  • there are 64 codons (64 different 3-letter combos can be made with A, G, C, and T)
  • each codon matches to a specific amino acid (since there are 20 amino acids, some codons match to the same a.a.)
79
Q

what does a chain of amino acids form?

A

a protein

80
Q

If mistakes occur during DNA synthesis, how does the cell deal with it?

A
  1. DNA polymerase “proofreads” the newly synthesized strands - will replace a mismatched base w/the right one
  2. Mismatch Repair – scans over DNA to find mismatches. Will remove and replace any. If a mutation gets thru, DNA sequence is altered.
  3. Excision Repair - will cut a defective strand of DNA, remove, then allow DNA polymerase to generate a new one
81
Q

germ cells

A

only mutations present in germ cells (reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ova) will be passed on to future generations

82
Q

genotype

A
  • an organism’s underlying genetic makeup or code

- blueprint for building and maintaining all structures w/in the cells of the body

83
Q

phenotype

A
  • physical expressions of genetic traits (brown hair or blue eyes)
84
Q

homozygous

A

when both parents give the offspring the same allele for a particular trait

85
Q

heterozygous

A

when each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait

86
Q

Punnett square

A

a graphical way to show all the possible combinations of alleles given the 2 parents’ genotypes

87
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when the dominant & recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype - a mix of the 2 traits

88
Q

How is genetic information organized in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes contain exons & introns

Prokaryotes contain operons

89
Q

condensed particles in a small space having vibrational but not translational motion?

A

solid

TEAS Cards (3 decks)

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