Science review Flashcards
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Cell wall Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleotide - DNA Plasmids Ribosomes Some have flagella
mesoderm
- the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
- precursor to circulatory, skeletal, muscular & excretory systems
ectoderm
- outside layer of an embryo
- becomes nervous system & epidermal cells
endoderm
- internal layer of an embryo
- becomes gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, endocrine, auditory, and urinary system
mesenchyme
- part of the mesoderm, but part comes from ectoderm
- gives rise to most of the body’s connective tissues, from bones and cartilage to the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
DNA polymerase
- enzyme that speeds up process of creating DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
- are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.
Kinetic energy
measured in joules
1/2 mv2
m=mass
v=velocity
potential energy
PE = mgh m = mass g = gravity constant (= 10 m/s2) h = height object is located
octyne
C8H14 ==> CnH2n-2 alkyne
gastrulation
- most critical phase early in the embryonic development of most animals
- single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula.
- three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
natural killer cells (NK)
produce perforins – pore forming proteins – that target cancer and virus cells
perforins
cause cells to lyse
interferons
- body’s response to a viral infection
- prevent replication of the virus after 7-10 days
- activate macrophages & NK cells
chemotaxis
- method used by leukocytes to respond to damaged tissue
- cytokines (chemical messengers released by damaged tissues) to announce damage and ask for help
diapedesis
- WBC squeeze through capillary slits in response to cytokines
- cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guide the WBC to damaged site
3 lines of defense
- innate - nonspecific (skin, mucous membranes, digestive enzymes)
- innate - fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, interferons, chemotaxis, & release of cytokines
- adaptive - specific = humoral (antibody mediated) and cell mediated responses.
antibody-mediated immunity
- antibodies produced for specific antigens
- antigens bind to B cells then bind w/T-helper cells, which activates B cells to produce antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
- T-cells (lymphocyte) recognize non-self cells
- 3 step process:
1. macrophages capture non self cell
2. T-helper cell binds to it & secretes a cytokine that signals the cytotoxic T cell
3. cytotoxic T cell responds thru chemotaxis & destroys the non self cell
alleles
- a variant form of a gene
- some contain mutations, which are changes in DNA that affect the way a gene functions
- represented using letters (dominant = CAPITAL, recessive = lower case)
adaptation
- when mutations occur in DNA that make it easier for an organism to survive (withstand environmental pressure)
- permanent changes in DNA seqence
transcription
cells copy DNA cell information to RNA
translation
process of making the proteins that will contain the information copied in transcription
zygote
fertilized egg that will become an embryo
embryo
an animal or plant in early stages of development after fertilization
mitosis
process of cell duplication
meiosis
- process by which gametes (sexual reproduction cells - egg/sperm) reduce their DNA
- purpose: halve the # of chromosomes
diploid cells
contain 2 sets of chromosomes
haploid cells
contain only 1 set of chromosomes (gametes in mammals)
homologous chromosome
- in a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome
- almost identical in size, function & genes
stages of mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
interphase
- time between mitosis 3 steps of interphase 1. G1 2. S phase 3. G2
G1 of interphase
- DNA double helix unwinds to expose bases
- RNA base pairs to form messenger RNA strand
- entire gene is copies into complementary mRNA
- double helix closes & mRNA leaves nucleus
- takes information to the ribosome
S phase of interphase
- duplication of the double DNA strand
- DNA double helix unwinds w/help of enzymes
- this breaks bonds between base pairs; separates them from complementary partner
- DNA polymerase helps synthesize new complementary bases for both strands
G2 phase of interphase
- continued protein synthesis
- cell growth in prep for cell division
stages of meiosis
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
cytokinesis
- separating two sets of chromosomes into different cells
- final step of mitosis
autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food
heterotroph
organism that cannot produce its own food
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight ==> glucose + oxygen
cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
Includes GLYCOLYSIS and KREB’S CYCLE
saltatory conduction
When an action potential spreads down an axon, the electrical impulse “jumps” from node to node.
- is called saltatory conduction.
suffixes for hydrocarbons
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkyne
- alkanes = all single bonds (methane, propane) CnH2n+2
- alkenes = single bonds w/at lease one double bond (butene) CnH2n
- alkyne = single bond w/at least one triple bond (octane) CnH2n-2
dependent vs independent variables
“independent variable” = factor controlled by the scientists.
“dependent variable” represents the output or effect.
equation for momentum
mass x velocity
inverse relationship
when one increases the other decreases or as one decreases the other increases.
what characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope?
neutrons
- # of protons determines which element it is
- # number of electrons determines if the atomic particle has a positive, negative, or neutral charge.
quantitative
numerical
deductive reasoning
method whereby conclusions follow from general principles
- leads to a specific conclusion
- go from general to specific
inductive reasoning
method of arriving at general principles from specific facts
- relies heavily on a preponderance of info that leads to a certain degree of confidence in a conclusion
- make broad generalizations from specific observations
- go from specific to general
binomial nomenclature
Latin name of genus is capitalized, species is not capitalized Homo sapians (should be italicized)
natural selection
aka survival of the fittest
characteristics that enable organisms to survive are inherited and can be passed on to offspring and future generations
scientific method
- id problem
- ask questions
- develop hypothesis
- conduct experiment & collect data
- analysis
- conclusion
dependent variable
what you measure in an experiment
- dependent variable responds to the independent variable
nucleic acids
a chain of nucleotides
job is to store & transmit hereditary information
RNA
DNA
nucleotides consist of:
pentose (sugar)
phosphate group - molecule in the backbone of DNA & RNA that links adjoining bases together
nitrogenous base - encodes the genetic info in cells
- 5 kinds: adenine, cytosine, guanine (in DNA & RNA); thymine (only DNA); uracil (only RNA)
purines
adenine
guanine
pyrimidines
thymine / uracil
cystine
chromosomes
contain sections called genes
genes
- contain double-stranded molecules of DNA
- contain info that specifies the production of proteins
- send messages w/in cell and to other cells in the form of code (which happens thru complementary base pairing)
stem cells
undifferentiated cells
3 types:
1. totipotent - cell with the greatest differentiation potential. Only ones that can become embryonic or placental cells.
2. pluripotent - can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body;
3. multipotent - cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells
IPMAT
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Globular proteins
Water soluble proteins
Are built from amino acids that form chains
Each amino acid sequence produces a specific 3-D structure
Factors that affect enzyme activity
PH
Temperature
Substrate concentration
Ph indicator
Litmus paper will indicate:
RED for acidic solutions
BLUE for basic solutions
Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbon
No double bonds
CnH2n+2
Alkene
1 double bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
CnH2n
Alkyne
Triple bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
CnH2n-2
Periodic Table
Zig zag line/stair step line
Metals to Left
Nonmetals to Right
Metalloids = in contact w/stair step line
Metalloids
- Elements that may accept or donate electrons readily
- Possess a mixture of metallic & nonmetallic properties
Cation
Positive ion
Anion
Negative ion
Oxidation
Involves loss of an electron (produces a more positive ion)
Reduction
Involves is gain of an electron (produces a more negative ion)
specific heat
Energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Water has a high specific heat – allows it to undergo minor temp changes compared to environment
Heat of vaporization
Amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid & a gas
Since a large amount of heat is needed to vaporize liquid, water acts to moderate Earth’sclimate
Properties of WATER
- Stable molecule
- Max density at 4 degrees Celsius
- High specific heat - small changes compared to environment
- High heat of vaporization
- Universal solvent
- Polarity results in high surface tension & adhesion
- Necessary for formation of life
- Essential & central to metabolic processes
codon
- a 3-base code made up of the nitrogenous bases
- there are 64 codons (64 different 3-letter combos can be made with A, G, C, and T)
- each codon matches to a specific amino acid (since there are 20 amino acids, some codons match to the same a.a.)
what does a chain of amino acids form?
a protein
If mistakes occur during DNA synthesis, how does the cell deal with it?
- DNA polymerase “proofreads” the newly synthesized strands - will replace a mismatched base w/the right one
- Mismatch Repair – scans over DNA to find mismatches. Will remove and replace any. If a mutation gets thru, DNA sequence is altered.
- Excision Repair - will cut a defective strand of DNA, remove, then allow DNA polymerase to generate a new one
germ cells
only mutations present in germ cells (reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ova) will be passed on to future generations
genotype
- an organism’s underlying genetic makeup or code
- blueprint for building and maintaining all structures w/in the cells of the body
phenotype
- physical expressions of genetic traits (brown hair or blue eyes)
homozygous
when both parents give the offspring the same allele for a particular trait
heterozygous
when each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait
Punnett square
a graphical way to show all the possible combinations of alleles given the 2 parents’ genotypes
incomplete dominance
when the dominant & recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype - a mix of the 2 traits
How is genetic information organized in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes contain exons & introns
Prokaryotes contain operons
condensed particles in a small space having vibrational but not translational motion?
solid
