Science OGT Flashcards
1
Q
Newtons 1st law:
A
A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in
motion until an outside force acts on it (inertia).
2
Q
Newtons 2nd Law
A
A force causes an object to accelerate.
F= mass x acceleration
3
Q
Kinetic energy
A
Energy in motion
examples: someone jogging, an mp3 player playing music. You can
calculate the kinetic energy of moving objects by using the equation:
Kinetic Energy = 1/2 mass (velocity)^2
4
Q
Potential energy
A
Stored energy; the ability of a system to do work
due to its position or internal structure.
examples: A battery, the food we eat for energy, a rock on a ledge of a
mountain, and a expanded rubber band.
GPE= m x g x h
g= 9.8m/s
5
Q
The Law of conservation of energy:
A
energy cannot be
created or destroyed only converted to another type of energy
6
Q
Friction
A
the rubbing of one object or surface against another
7
Q
.Conduction
A
Transfer of heat through a solid object from a source
ex. When water is boiled over a fire or on the stove, the flames don’t
directly heat the water. The heat of the flame is conducted through
the metal, then to the water
8
Q
Convection
A
Transfer of heat by liquid or gas.
When water boils on the stove, it becomes gas that heats up the air
above it (transfer of heat by gas)
9
Q
Radiation
A
Heat transferred by electromagnetic waves.
10
Q
Electromagnetic waves
A
all waves of energy including visible light,
microwaves, infared, x-rays, & radio waves.
The sun radiates heat to earth. A microwave radiates heat to food,
and a campfire radiates heat to warm you
11
Q
Gravity
A
Gravity will accelerate all objects at the same rate regardless of their
mass. This is why a marble and a bowling ball when dropped from a
building will hit the ground at the same time
12
Q
Physical properties
A
all properties that can be determined without
changing the identity of the substance, such as color, density, phase
(liquid, solid, or gas), odor, boiling & freezing points and solubility (can
it dissolve in another substance such as sugar in water?).
13
Q
Chemical properties-
A
A characteristic that a substance displays when it
changes into a new substance.
14
Q
Physical Change
A
A change that does not create any new substance.
EX. Phase changes of water are all physical changes. Boiling or
freezing water does not create a new substance. If you cool the boiling
water or heat up the ice you will still have water.
15
Q
Chemical Change
A
– Any change that produces a new substance.
when something is burned, such as paper or gasoline, there is
a new substance being formed carbon dioxide.
• when iron rusts it combines with oxygen to produce iron
oxide, a new chemical.
16
Q
Endothermic
A
A reaction that absorbs heat from the surrounding.ex. Melting an ice cube is an endothermic process because heat is
being absorbed to change ice into liquid water.
17
Q
Exothermic
A
- A reaction that gives off heat
ex. Burning wood or paper produces heat
18
Q
Freezing
A
When a liquid becomes a solid. Molecules become packed
tighter together moving less.
19
Q
Melting-
A
Occurs when a solid changes to a liquid allowing molecules to
move more freely
20
Q
Evaporation-
A
When a liquid becomes a gas. The molecules are now
moving very rapidly.
21
Q
Condensation-
A
- When a gas becomes a liquid. This occurs on a cold
glass beverage on a warm day and this is also how clouds are formed.
22
Q
Sublimation-
A
when ice goes directly into gas form skipping becoming a
liquid phase.
ex. Dry ice at room temperature will turn into a gas without becoming a
liquid first
23
Q
Precipitation-
A
During the water cycle, when clouds can no longer hold
all the water from condensation, the clouds will release the water in the
form of rain or snow
24
Q
Density
A
Density= mass / volume ,The density of water is 1 g/ml.
25
matter
anything that takes up space. Matter is
| made of atoms or various atoms combined
26
Atom:
Smallest particle of an element that has all the properties
| of that element.
27
Element:
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a
| simpler substance.Elements contain only one type of atom.
28
Atom parts
Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge & electrons
have a negative charge,Protons & neutrons combine to form the nucleus of the atom and
electrons orbit around this nucleus.
29
atomic numbers
```
# of protons in an atom of that
element.
```
30
Atomic mass
the # of protons plus the # of neutrons.
31
Wavelength:
The length of one complete wavelength cycle., peak to peak or crest crest
32
Amplitude:
A measure of the energy a wave carries. It’s determined by
the distance from the crest or trough to the midline (or resting wave).
The larger the amplitude the higher the sound
33
Frequency:
The # of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time, less waves in a given time= lower frequency, more waves in a given time= higher frequency
34
The Big Bang Theory
The universe was created in one giant explosion
about 13.7 billion years ago, and is constantly expanding even today
from this location
Two observations that help support the Big Bang Theory are..
♦ galaxies are moving apart from a central location.
♦ red shift- The light most galaxies give off is close to the red
end of the spectrum because as they move farther out, the
energy becomes weaker & stretched out. This light energy is
longer and is the color red.
35
nebula
In space, dust & gas get pulled together by gravity The nebula, depending on its size, becomes a massive star or a low mass
(smaller) star-
36
nuclear fusion
causes hydrogen protons to join together producing the
| massive energy just as our sun does
37
Telescopes-
with optical telescopes, astronomers see closer the objects
| in outer space such as moons, planets, galaxies.
38
Spaceship
- allows astronauts to travel to close planets, our moon & into
outer space to collect data and experience first hand the conditions in
space.
39
Satellites-
Are used to transmit signals from outer space such as
pictures, topographic maps. Just like cell phone satellites allow our
signals to travel from place to place.
40
Probes-
are sent by scientists to collect data on far away planets that
humans can never get to. Probes send data back by signals & some even
retrieve samples from planets
41
Galaxies
large group of stars. There is said to be a billion of them
in the universe.
Our solar system- the sun, our earth and the 8 others belong to the Milky
Way Galaxy
There are 3 different kinds of galaxies. Galaxies are characterized by
their shape.
1). Spiral →
2). Eliptical →
3). Irregular
42
e Law of Universal Gravitation
says between
any two objects there is attraction (gravity) that is proportional to the
masses of the objects and the distances between them.
more massive an object is, it has a stronger pull of
gravity on objects that are less massive than itself. Our sun is more
massive than the planets so they all revolve around the sun.
Our planet earth is more massive than our moon so this is why the
moon revolves around our earth
43
Earth revolving around the sun
The earth rotates on its axis. This brings diffent parts of the earth in
contact with the sun → The reason we have night & day!The reason the sun appears to “rise in the east” is because that’s the way
our earth rotates, bringing the eastern part of the U.S. in contact with the
sun first.
One complete revolution of the Earth around the sun takes one year.
44
Seasons:
When the Earth revolves around the sun it also tilts. This tilting of
the Earth brings places such as Cleveland, OH. in direct contact w/ the
sun’s hottest direct rays during our summer. During winter for Cleveland
(and other places in the northern hemisphere), we are tilted out of
contact with these hottest rays. This is why it gets cold. We still get
sunlight in Cleveland during the winter but these rays are not the hot
direct rays like in summer.
Places along the equator are hot year round because they don't move from the direct rays of the sun, just like the N and S pole never get hit, When the N hemishper is having winter the south is having summer
45
Solar eclipse
occurs when the moon either partially or completely
| blocks the sun from the Earth’s view.
46
Lunar eclipse
- occurs when the Earth blocks our view of the moon. A
| lunar eclipse can only occur during a full moon.
47
Plate tectonics
Is the theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many
plates that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer which is molten
liquid rock. These plates interact with each other in many ways…
When these plates slide past each other creating friction,
earthquakes can occur.
. When Earth’s plates collide & push up they can create mountain
range
. Magma from mantle can erupt past space between 2 plates or melt
through a soft crustal plate
The crustal plates sit on the mantle layer of the Earth. The mantle
is liquid hot rock that convection currents. These convection
currents push the plates around causing continents to drift & seafloors to spread.
48
Alfred Wegener
proposed the continental drift theory saying that at
one time all continents joined together in a single land mass.
The main observation that supports his theory is that 1)identical fossils
of an animal were found on different continents, 2)identical rock layers
(formations) were also found on many continents & 3) continents fit
together like a puzzle.
49
Fossils
A piece or trace of an organism that was once alive. They are mainly
found in sedimentary rocks
50
cross-sections
of rock layers from different continents are identical.
This also supports his theory of continental drift. This means the
thicknesses & types of minerals match up identically from many
continents. Know that rock sediments get laid down such as in a lake or ocean bed,
the oldest rock is at the bottom, because it was laid down first.
51
fossil fuels.
Fossil layers of the Earth are our source of fossil fuels. These organisms
turned into carbon which we use as fuel. They include gasoline, oil and
coal. Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable resources because we
can never replace or renew them. They took millions of years to form
52
Renewable resources
however can be replaced and renewed. Sunlight,
| water power,wind, wood, crops are all renewable resources
53
Global warming
g is the planet becoming warmer through out the years. The Earth has an insulation layer of CO2 in its
atmosphere that helps keep warmth from the sun in. This layer is thin
enough to allow some heat to escape so are planet does not get too hot.
This is called the Greenhouse Effect. When fossil fuels & wood are
burned they give off carbon dioxide (CO2) which causes the insulation
layer to be too thick so now too much heat is trapped not being allowed
to escape. This causes GLOBAL WARMING!!
54
conservation.
```
recycle
♦ car pool
♦ riding a bicycle instead of driving.
♦ use public transportation.
♦ turn off water and electricity when were not using them.
```
55
Biomes
are places on Earth that have distinct climate
(how much rainfall they receive and their temperatures) and types of
plants and animals that thrive in these specific climate.
Biomes with colder temperatures have less amount of life living there.
This is the same reason Alaska is not as populated with humans as
California or Mexico
♠ The more heat & precipitation means more plants and more life.
56
Desert
Little rain & large daily change in temperature (hot in the day
& cold at night).
57
Rainforest
Lots of rain with hot temperatures
58
Tundra
Has dry & wet seasons but very cold
59
Grasslands
Has dry & wet season. Temperature is hot
60
Deciduos forest
Moisture evenly distributed throughout year. Has warm summers and cold winters.
61
Coniferous Forest
Moisture varies throughout year. Has cool summers & cold winters
62
Weather-
- conditions in our atmosphere such as temperature, sunshine,
rain, snow and clouds.
sun is the main cause of weather. We learned earlier how the sun
creates warm parts of the Earth by its direct rays. Certain materials heat
up differently. Darker objects will absorb heat from the sun better than
light ones, which reflect the heat better. This is why asphalt parking lots
can be so hot in the summer
These different surfaces of the Earth will heat up at different rates
causing hot air to rise & cool air to sink. When this happens wind
occurs.
63
Climate
Amount of precipitation and the temperature an area gets
| throughout the year.
64
Moh’s hardness scale
categorizes the hardness of minerals. Hardness is
the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. These minerals are
numbered 1thru 10. 1 being the softest mineral on Earth & 10 being the
hardest meaning nothing else can scratch a #10If a mineral has a higher # than another mineral, then the higher # will
scratch the lower one.
65
Predator
organisms that kill and eat other organisms
66
Prey:
The organisms the predator kills and eat
67
Herbivore
An organism that feeds off of plants only.
68
Carnivore
An organism that feeds off of animals only
69
Omnivore
An organism that feeds on plants and animals.
| ex. Most humans, raccoons
70
consumers
because they have to
| consume other organisms (plants or animals or both) to get their energy
71
photosynthesis
Plants produce their own food by using sunlight in a process
72
producers.
Plants
73
primary consumer
A herbivore is considered a primary consumer because it is the first
organism to consume the plants.
74
secondary
| consumer.
An animal that eats the primary consumer
75
Biotic factors
are living organisms in the environment.
ex. For the rabbit, flowers, hawks and other living organisms are all
factors the rabbit has to deal with`
76
Abiotic factors
are all nonliving things in an environment.ex. For the rabbits’ environment, abiotic factors include weather, rocks,
water, hills, rocks & holes they can hide in
77
symbiosis
sometimes different organisms can interact together in a unique way
where at least one organism benefits from living with the other. 3 different types
78
Mutualism Symbosis
when both organisms benefit from each other, ex. bee and flower
79
Commensalism Symbosis
When only one organism benefits from the
relationship and the other is not harmed or helped ex. A bird & its nest up in a tree benefits the bird giving it protection and
the tree is not helped or harmed by the bird living there
80
Parasitism Symbosis
When one organism benefits and the other is harmed. The
parasite harms the host. ex. A flea on a dog benefits because it is sucking blood which is its
food. The dog (the host) is being harmed because his blood is taken
away.
81
Natural Selection
When nature chooses the most favorable
variation ( survival of the fittest) For example- Millions of years ago, some giraffes were born with short
necks & others were born with longer necks. When low grass & scrubs
(food for giraffes) became scarce the giraffes with the longer necks were
able to reach the leaves in the higher trees to survive.
The short necks could not reach the food so they did not survive.
The long necks survived so their genes for long necks were passed down
to their offspring. Nature happened to favor the long neck variation,
while eliminating the gene for short necks.
82
Photosynthesis
occurs when plants convert light energy into chemical
energy. This requires them to take in Carbon dioxide (CO2) and release
oxygen into the air.
83
Respiration
Animals & humans take in oxygen & breath out carbon
| dioxide (CO2).
84
Cells
The smallest structural & functional unit of an organism. They
carry out life processes. New cells come from existing cells,Inside a cell are smaller structure that carry out processes for the cell.
They are called organelles.
85
Nucleus
Control center of cell & contains DNA.
86
Ribosome
Makes proteins
87
Lysosomes
Digests food particles, wastes & foreign
| invaders.
88
Mitochondria
Produces energy. (Powerhouse).
89
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports materials throughout cell
90
Golgi Complex (apparatus or body
Processes & packages proteins for shipment out of a cell
91
Vacuole
Stores water, food & water
92
Cytoplasm
A fluid that fills a cell & surrounds the organelles in a eukaryote
93
Eukaryotes
- are all plants & animals. Think of “Euy” as “you”. We
humans are eukaryotes.
Organisms that lack a nucleus (control center) & membrane bound
organelles are called prokaryotes. They do contain cytoplasm where all
the cellular processes occur. Organisms that contain a nucleus & these membrane bound organelles
are called eukaryotes.
94
Prokaryotes
are all bacteria
95
Chloroplast
contain chlorophyll, it’s the place where photosynthesis
occurs-turning sunlight into chemical energy & converting CO2 to
oxygen.
96
Cell walls
give plants support
97
Plant cells
have chloroplasts and Cell Walls
98
DNA
is the genetic material that controls the activities of the cell. This
genetic material gives an organism its traits or characteristics. Parents
pass these traits down to their children. This is why we can look like our
parents. DNA is contained on structures called chromosomes. A molecule
Of DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix.
99
gene
A portion of DNA located in a specific spot in the chromosome that
controls the passing down of a particular trait is called a gene.
ex. eye color, hair color, any physical trait have specific genes that
control these characteristics\
Viruses are not cells. They are nonliving particles of DNA covered in a
protein coat. They cause infections and must inject their DNA into a
living cell (host) in order to reproduce.
Some examples of viruses are HIV and the flu.
100
Sexual reproduction
involves producing offspring from two parents.
Here, DNA from each parent combines together to create DNA of the
offspring. This creates variety.
101
Asexual reproduction
involves reproduction from only one parent.
| Here, the DNA of the offspring is identical to the parent
102
Mitosis
is a process of cell division which results in the production of
two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are
identical to one another and to the original parent cell.
103
Meiosis
A process of sex cell division that allows for genetic variation.
The cell divides into 4 new cells that become sex cells. A sperm cell in a
male & an egg cell in a female. Here the new cells have half the # of
chromosomes as the parent. This way when a sperm & egg combine
(with 23 chromosomes each), the total # of chromosomes is complete
again for a human which is 46.
104
Punnett Square
These are tables that help us figure out the probability of what the
offspring could inherit during sexual reproduction between these two
parents
105
Allele-
One of the different forms a gene can come in for a particular
trait.ex. A pea plant may have yellow pods or green pods. In this case the
alleles are for pod color. The color of the pea pod depends on which
allele (yellow or green) is dominant, ex. A pea plant may have yellow pods or green pods. In this case the
alleles are for pod color. The color of the pea pod depends on which
allele (yellow or green) is dominant,Alleles are represented using capital & lower case letters.
Green color for pea pods is a dominant allele.
106
Dominant
means that this is the trait that will be expressed if any other
alleles are present,Dominant alleles are represented using capital
letters.
107
Recessive
A recessive allele won’t be expressed when a dominant allele
is present. Recessive alleles are represented with lower case letters.
108
homozygous.
When an organism has two identical alleles we call i
109
heterozygous
When an organism has one dominant & one recessive allele
110
pedigree
e illustrates a family inheritance of a particular allele, usually
an allele for a disease such as Cystic fibrosis or Sickle cell. It’s basically
a family tree.
There is a reading that goes along with the pedigree and this is where we
find out if the particular trait discussed is dominant or recessive. Without
this important info we would not be able to complete the Punnett square
which usually is required when looking at pedigrees
111
Nuclear Fusion
This kind of energy is produced inside stars such
as our sun (when the temperature reaches 10 million degrees
nuclear fusion occurs and a star is formed).
What happens is 4 hydrogen atoms fuse together to form 2 helium
atoms along with the release of a large amount of energy.
112
Nuclear Fission
occurs when a radioactive atom called an isotope
is broken up into two smaller atoms with smaller mass & energy is
released.
113
Scientific Method
1. Ask or define a question.
2. Do background research to gather information & resources.
3. Form your hypothesis.
4. Plan test w/ materials & methods( how you will do things).
5. Then test your hypothesis with the experiment.
6. Record & collect data.
7. Interpret data & form your conclusion: here’s when people often
create a new hypothesis for a future experiment.
8. Report your findings: by publishing them for others to see & gain
knowledge from.
114
Dependent variable
Is the responding outcome or effect in the
| experiment. (how much energy one gets from the drink)
115
Independent variable
Is what the experimenter manipulates. We
manipulated the choice of drinks to compare them against each other.
This is the cause in the experiment. (ex. The whey protein shake caused
more or less energy).
116
control
This is an untreated sample. A control
for this experiment would be not taking either energy drink before a
workout. This way we can compare each energy drinks’ outcome to the
energy one would have without taking either of them,are used to compare the treated samples
to. Without controls, we would not be able to tell
If the treatment (in this case the energy drinks)
were effective
117
Observation-
something you can detect using any of your 5
senses. This is a fact→ You saw the ghost, you heard a noise. You
smelled the perfume. Facts!
118
Inference-
is an attempt to explain or speculate about your
observations. This is something you think might happen, is
happening given what you observe. It may or may not be true.
119
Plate tectonics
Is the theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many
plates that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer which is molten
liquid rock. These plates interact with each other in many ways…
When these plates slide past each other creating friction,
earthquakes can occur.
. When Earth’s plates collide & push up they can create mountain
range
. Magma from mantle can erupt past space between 2 plates or melt
through a soft crustal plate
The crustal plates sit on the mantle layer of the Earth. The mantle
is liquid hot rock that convection currents. These convection
currents push the plates around causing continents to drift & seafloors to spread.
120
Alfred Wegener
proposed the continental drift theory saying that at
one time all continents joined together in a single land mass.
The main observation that supports his theory is that 1)identical fossils
of an animal were found on different continents, 2)identical rock layers
(formations) were also found on many continents & 3) continents fit
together like a puzzle.
121
Fossils
A piece or trace of an organism that was once alive. They are mainly
found in sedimentary rocks
122
cross-sections
of rock layers from different continents are identical.
This also supports his theory of continental drift. This means the
thicknesses & types of minerals match up identically from many
continents. Know that rock sediments get laid down such as in a lake or ocean bed,
the oldest rock is at the bottom, because it was laid down first.
123
fossil fuels.
Fossil layers of the Earth are our source of fossil fuels. These organisms
turned into carbon which we use as fuel. They include gasoline, oil and
coal. Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable resources because we
can never replace or renew them. They took millions of years to form
124
Renewable resources
however can be replaced and renewed. Sunlight,
| water power,wind, wood, crops are all renewable resources
125
Global warming
g is the planet becoming warmer through out the years. The Earth has an insulation layer of CO2 in its
atmosphere that helps keep warmth from the sun in. This layer is thin
enough to allow some heat to escape so are planet does not get too hot.
This is called the Greenhouse Effect. When fossil fuels & wood are
burned they give off carbon dioxide (CO2) which causes the insulation
layer to be too thick so now too much heat is trapped not being allowed
to escape. This causes GLOBAL WARMING!!
126
conservation.
```
recycle
♦ car pool
♦ riding a bicycle instead of driving.
♦ use public transportation.
♦ turn off water and electricity when were not using them.
```
127
Biomes
are places on Earth that have distinct climate
(how much rainfall they receive and their temperatures) and types of
plants and animals that thrive in these specific climate.
Biomes with colder temperatures have less amount of life living there.
This is the same reason Alaska is not as populated with humans as
California or Mexico
♠ The more heat & precipitation means more plants and more life.
128
Desert
Little rain & large daily change in temperature (hot in the day
& cold at night).
129
Rainforest
Lots of rain with hot temperatures
130
Tundra
Has dry & wet seasons but very cold
131
Grasslands
Has dry & wet season. Temperature is hot
132
Deciduos forest
Moisture evenly distributed throughout year. Has warm summers and cold winters.
133
Coniferous Forest
Moisture varies throughout year. Has cool summers & cold winters
134
Weather-
- conditions in our atmosphere such as temperature, sunshine,
rain, snow and clouds.
sun is the main cause of weather. We learned earlier how the sun
creates warm parts of the Earth by its direct rays. Certain materials heat
up differently. Darker objects will absorb heat from the sun better than
light ones, which reflect the heat better. This is why asphalt parking lots
can be so hot in the summer
These different surfaces of the Earth will heat up at different rates
causing hot air to rise & cool air to sink. When this happens wind
occurs.
135
Climate
Amount of precipitation and the temperature an area gets
| throughout the year.
136
Moh’s hardness scale
categorizes the hardness of minerals. Hardness is
the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. These minerals are
numbered 1thru 10. 1 being the softest mineral on Earth & 10 being the
hardest meaning nothing else can scratch a #10If a mineral has a higher # than another mineral, then the higher # will
scratch the lower one.
137
Predator
organisms that kill and eat other organisms
138
Prey:
The organisms the predator kills and eat
139
Herbivore
An organism that feeds off of plants only.
140
Carnivore
An organism that feeds off of animals only
141
Omnivore
An organism that feeds on plants and animals.
| ex. Most humans, raccoons
142
consumers
because they have to
| consume other organisms (plants or animals or both) to get their energy
143
photosynthesis
Plants produce their own food by using sunlight in a process
144
producers.
Plants
145
primary consumer
A herbivore is considered a primary consumer because it is the first
organism to consume the plants.
146
secondary
| consumer.
An animal that eats the primary consumer
147
Biotic factors
are living organisms in the environment.
ex. For the rabbit, flowers, hawks and other living organisms are all
factors the rabbit has to deal with`
148
Abiotic factors
are all nonliving things in an environment.ex. For the rabbits’ environment, abiotic factors include weather, rocks,
water, hills, rocks & holes they can hide in
149
symbiosis
sometimes different organisms can interact together in a unique way
where at least one organism benefits from living with the other. 3 different types
150
Mutualism Symbosis
when both organisms benefit from each other, ex. bee and flower
151
Commensalism Symbosis
When only one organism benefits from the
relationship and the other is not harmed or helped ex. A bird & its nest up in a tree benefits the bird giving it protection and
the tree is not helped or harmed by the bird living there
152
Parasitism Symbosis
When one organism benefits and the other is harmed. The
parasite harms the host. ex. A flea on a dog benefits because it is sucking blood which is its
food. The dog (the host) is being harmed because his blood is taken
away.
153
Natural Selection
When nature chooses the most favorable
variation ( survival of the fittest) For example- Millions of years ago, some giraffes were born with short
necks & others were born with longer necks. When low grass & scrubs
(food for giraffes) became scarce the giraffes with the longer necks were
able to reach the leaves in the higher trees to survive.
The short necks could not reach the food so they did not survive.
The long necks survived so their genes for long necks were passed down
to their offspring. Nature happened to favor the long neck variation,
while eliminating the gene for short necks.
154
Photosynthesis
occurs when plants convert light energy into chemical
energy. This requires them to take in Carbon dioxide (CO2) and release
oxygen into the air.
155
Respiration
Animals & humans take in oxygen & breath out carbon
| dioxide (CO2).
156
Cells
The smallest structural & functional unit of an organism. They
carry out life processes. New cells come from existing cells,Inside a cell are smaller structure that carry out processes for the cell.
They are called organelles.
157
Nucleus
Control center of cell & contains DNA.
158
Ribosome
Makes proteins
159
Lysosomes
Digests food particles, wastes & foreign
| invaders.
160
Mitochondria
Produces energy. (Powerhouse).
161
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports materials throughout cell
162
Golgi Complex (apparatus or body
Processes & packages proteins for shipment out of a cell
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Vacuole
Stores water, food & water
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Cytoplasm
A fluid that fills a cell & surrounds the organelles in a eukaryote
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Eukaryotes
- are all plants & animals. Think of “Euy” as “you”. We
humans are eukaryotes.
Organisms that lack a nucleus (control center) & membrane bound
organelles are called prokaryotes. They do contain cytoplasm where all
the cellular processes occur. Organisms that contain a nucleus & these membrane bound organelles
are called eukaryotes.
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Prokaryotes
are all bacteria
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Chloroplast
contain chlorophyll, it’s the place where photosynthesis
occurs-turning sunlight into chemical energy & converting CO2 to
oxygen.
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Cell walls
give plants support
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Plant cells
have chloroplasts and Cell Walls
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DNA
is the genetic material that controls the activities of the cell. This
genetic material gives an organism its traits or characteristics. Parents
pass these traits down to their children. This is why we can look like our
parents. DNA is contained on structures called chromosomes. A molecule
Of DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix.
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gene
A portion of DNA located in a specific spot in the chromosome that
controls the passing down of a particular trait is called a gene.
ex. eye color, hair color, any physical trait have specific genes that
control these characteristics\
Viruses are not cells. They are nonliving particles of DNA covered in a
protein coat. They cause infections and must inject their DNA into a
living cell (host) in order to reproduce.
Some examples of viruses are HIV and the flu.
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Sexual reproduction
involves producing offspring from two parents.
Here, DNA from each parent combines together to create DNA of the
offspring. This creates variety.
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Asexual reproduction
involves reproduction from only one parent.
| Here, the DNA of the offspring is identical to the parent
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Mitosis
is a process of cell division which results in the production of
two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are
identical to one another and to the original parent cell.
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Meiosis
A process of sex cell division that allows for genetic variation.
The cell divides into 4 new cells that become sex cells. A sperm cell in a
male & an egg cell in a female. Here the new cells have half the # of
chromosomes as the parent. This way when a sperm & egg combine
(with 23 chromosomes each), the total # of chromosomes is complete
again for a human which is 46.
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Punnett Square
These are tables that help us figure out the probability of what the
offspring could inherit during sexual reproduction between these two
parents
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Allele-
One of the different forms a gene can come in for a particular
trait.ex. A pea plant may have yellow pods or green pods. In this case the
alleles are for pod color. The color of the pea pod depends on which
allele (yellow or green) is dominant, ex. A pea plant may have yellow pods or green pods. In this case the
alleles are for pod color. The color of the pea pod depends on which
allele (yellow or green) is dominant,Alleles are represented using capital & lower case letters.
Green color for pea pods is a dominant allele.
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Dominant
means that this is the trait that will be expressed if any other
alleles are present,Dominant alleles are represented using capital
letters.
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Recessive
A recessive allele won’t be expressed when a dominant allele
is present. Recessive alleles are represented with lower case letters.
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homozygous.
When an organism has two identical alleles we call i
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heterozygous
When an organism has one dominant & one recessive allele
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pedigree
e illustrates a family inheritance of a particular allele, usually
an allele for a disease such as Cystic fibrosis or Sickle cell. It’s basically
a family tree.
There is a reading that goes along with the pedigree and this is where we
find out if the particular trait discussed is dominant or recessive. Without
this important info we would not be able to complete the Punnett square
which usually is required when looking at pedigrees
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Nuclear Fusion
This kind of energy is produced inside stars such
as our sun (when the temperature reaches 10 million degrees
nuclear fusion occurs and a star is formed).
What happens is 4 hydrogen atoms fuse together to form 2 helium
atoms along with the release of a large amount of energy.
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Nuclear Fission
occurs when a radioactive atom called an isotope
is broken up into two smaller atoms with smaller mass & energy is
released.
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Scientific Method
1. Ask or define a question.
2. Do background research to gather information & resources.
3. Form your hypothesis.
4. Plan test w/ materials & methods( how you will do things).
5. Then test your hypothesis with the experiment.
6. Record & collect data.
7. Interpret data & form your conclusion: here’s when people often
create a new hypothesis for a future experiment.
8. Report your findings: by publishing them for others to see & gain
knowledge from.
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Dependent variable
Is the responding outcome or effect in the
| experiment. (how much energy one gets from the drink)
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Independent variable
Is what the experimenter manipulates. We
manipulated the choice of drinks to compare them against each other.
This is the cause in the experiment. (ex. The whey protein shake caused
more or less energy).
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control
This is an untreated sample. A control
for this experiment would be not taking either energy drink before a
workout. This way we can compare each energy drinks’ outcome to the
energy one would have without taking either of them,are used to compare the treated samples
to. Without controls, we would not be able to tell
If the treatment (in this case the energy drinks)
were effective
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Observation-
something you can detect using any of your 5
senses. This is a fact→ You saw the ghost, you heard a noise. You
smelled the perfume. Facts!
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Inference-
is an attempt to explain or speculate about your
observations. This is something you think might happen, is
happening given what you observe. It may or may not be true.
