Science of Anatomy Flashcards by Yun L

What are atoms?

smallest units of matter

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What are molecules?

two or more atoms joined together

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What is the structural organization of the human body?

Similar to letters (atoms)> words (cells)> sentences (tissues)> paragraphs (organs)> chapters (organ system)> book (organism)

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What does the cardiovascular system do?

Circulates oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients (glucose and amino acids), wastes (urea and uric acid), hormones and other material throughout body

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What does the cardiovascular system contain?

circulatory system—blood-heart-blood vessels

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What does the respiratory system do?

Gas exchange—oxygen into the body carbon dioxide out of the body—also involved in sound production and pH balance!

Think about P in production for PH balance!!!

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What does the respiratory system contain?

lungs and trachea

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What does the digestive system do?

IDEA
Ingestion-digestion-absorption-excretion
Carbohydrates→ monosaccharides
Fats→ fatty acids and monoglycerides
Proteins→ amino acids

Fats- has triglycerides> everything gets broken down to mono+ whatever it gets breaken down to!

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What does the digestive system contain?

Abdomen and small intestine

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What does the urinary system do and contains?

(kidneys—urinary bladder)
Excretes wastes and excess material (urea—uric acid—creatinine)

Urea (Ur-) similar to Uric acid (Ur-)> Think about this then creatine> kidney function

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What does the immune system do?

Protect against foreign substances (WBCs—antibodies)

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What does the reproductive system do?

Creates life

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What does the integumentary system do and contain?

(skin—hair—nails)
Physical—Chemical—Biological barrier which helps keeps substances out of or in the body—also involved with temperature regulation

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What does the skeletal and musculo system do and contain?

(skeletomuscular system)
Work together to move the body—muscles move bones around joints
(Ligaments (similar to libido so focus on B- B to B)
(Tendon> change to the N to M and D to B to focus on- M to B)

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What does the neuro and endocrine system do?

Control systems of the body; nervous system uses electrical impulses and the endocrine system uses hormones (neuroendocrine)

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What is the function of homeostasis?

when the body maintains a more or less stable state (internal body environment);
condition of equilibrium (like yin and yang); will shut off upon maintaining that state

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What is dynamic equilibirum?

conditions fluctuate around a set point ( average)

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What is the negative and positive feedback system?

Negative Feedback System (Loop)- reverse a change
Positive Feedback System (Loop)- strengthen or reinforce a change (amplification)

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What are some examples of the negative feedback system?

maintaining temperature, blood pressure, and glucose levels

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What is the negative feedback system?

Receptors (monitor: everywhere all over body)>Afferent pathway (input)> CNS ( integrates sensory info and sends out motor commands)> efferent pathway (output)> Effector ( anything that carries out command out of control center such as organ or gland)
Stimulus> receptor>CNS> effector

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What is metabolism?

sum of all the chemical processes that occurred in the body

What is catabolism and anabolism?

Anabolism—building up of complex chemical substances
Catabolism—breaking down of complex chemical substances

What is responsiveness?

ability to detect and respond to change; used to maintain homeostasis (e.g. nerves generate AP or nerve signals to stimulate an effector> muscle to respond)

How can homeostasis be influenced?

Homeostasis can be influenced by environment, air, food, water, behavior and genetics

Air, water, food- think about basic needs!

Explain how the negative feedback system works for maintaining blood pressure levels?

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1B4FrZ686_IzWC9-CenVvnwZkjqS9xjiG/edit

What does disorder and disease mean?

Disorder—abnormality of structure or function Disease—more specific term for an illness associated with certain signs and symptoms Symptoms—subjective changes (nausea—anxiety) Signs—objective changes (swelling—fever) Disease- think of eczema!! Symptoms- Think of S in Subjective and the opposite O for signs!

What is epidemiology?

when, why, where and how diseases occur and are transmitted Think about 5 Ws!

What is pharmacology?

study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment o disease

What is diagnosis?

Diagnosis—distinguishing one disorder or disease from another Diagnosis- think about the D for differentiatiion of disorder or disease!!!!

What does the physical examination involve?

Physical examination Inspection—palpation—auscultation—percussion Vital signs—temperature—pulse—respiration rate—blood pressure Lab tests—urinalysis—blood

Explain each aspect of the physical examination?

What are the planes of the body?

SOFT 2) Sagital plane: left and right 3) Frontal or coronal plane: anterior and posterior ( runs from top to bottom) 4) Transversal plane: superior and inferior Trans: across (e.g. Transatlantic airlines flying you across the Atlantic Ocean. )

What is a serous membrane?

smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium that surrounds the internal body cavities and organs and does not open directly; allows frictionless movements against opposing sides of organs

What are the main three body cavities that has serous membranes?

3 cavities that serous membranes that surround: pericardial cavity ( heart), peritoneum(abdominopelvic cavity), pleura (lung)

Name the three structures of the membranes per the body cavity?

Visceral serous: The serous membrane that covers internal organs parietal serous: the one that covers the cavity wall is called the Between the two opposing serosal surfaces is often a potential space, mostly empty except for the small amount of serous fluid ( serous cavity)

What is the dorsal body cavity?

Cranial body cavity (brain) and veterbral body cavity (spinal cord)

What is the thoracic body cavity?

Contains heart and lungs; also composes of the superior mediastinum, pleural cavity (lungs), and pericardial cavity ( heart) within the mediastinum

What is the abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera

What is the ventral body cavity?

contains thoracic and abdominal body cavity

What is the pelvic body cavity?

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

What does the diaphragm?

separates thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

What is movement?

whole body or organ ( walking- stomach churning- blood flow)

What is growth?

increase in size or number of cells

What is the epithelial tissue?

covers exposed surfaces and lines body caivties

What is connective tissue?

protects, supports, and bind structures and organs

What is the muscle tissue?

movement

Nerve tissue

sends nerve impulses for communication

Tissue

group of cells that work together to perform a specific/ common functions

Organelles

organs of a cell that carry out specific functions

Organs

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue