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AP Env Science (Bob) > Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems (Chapter 3) > Flashcards

Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems (Chapter 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science

A

Endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature

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2
Q

Data

A

Information need to answer a question

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3
Q

Experiments

A

Porcedures carried out under controlled conditions to gather information and test ideas

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4
Q

Scientific Hypothesis

A

Possible and testable explanation of what they observe in nature or in the results of their experiments

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5
Q

Model

A

Approximate representation or stimulation of a system being studied

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6
Q

Scientific Theory

A

Well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses

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7
Q

Peer Review

A

Scientists report details of the methods and models they used, the results of their experiments, and the reasoning behind their hypotheses for other scientists working in the same field to examine and criticize

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8
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Use of specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis; a form of “bottom-up” reasoning that goes from the specific to the general

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9
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Use of logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise; a form of “top-down” reasoning that goes from the general to the specific

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10
Q

Scientific Law

A

Well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening over and over again in the same way in nature

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11
Q

Paradigm Shift

A

New discovery or new idea overthrows a well-accepted scientific theory or law

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12
Q

Frontier Science

A

Preliminary results that have not yet been widely tested and accepted by peer review

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13
Q

Reliable Science

A

Data, hypotheses, theories and laws that are widely accepted by scientists who are considered experts in the field under study

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14
Q

Limitations of Environmental Science

A

Scientists can disprove things but they cannot prove anything absolutely; Scientists are human and are not totally free of bias; Statistical sampling; Large number of complex variables

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15
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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16
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental substance that has a unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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17
Q

Compounds

A

Combinations of two or more different elements held togther in fixed proportions

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18
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still retain its chemical properties

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19
Q

Atomic Theory

A

Idea that all elememts are made up of atoms

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20
Q

Symbol for Hydrogen

A

H

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21
Q

Symbol for Carbon

A

C

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22
Q

Symbol for Oxygen

A

O

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23
Q

Symbol for Nitrogen

A

N

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24
Q

Symbol for Phosphorus

A

P

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25
Q

Symbol for Sulfur

A

S

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26
Q

Symbol for Chlorine

A

Cl

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27
Q

Symbol for Fluorine

A

F

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28
Q

Symbol for Bromine

A

Br

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29
Q

Symbol for Sodium

A

Na

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30
Q

Symbol for Calcium

A

Ca

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31
Q

Symbol for Lead

A

Pb

32
Q

Symbol for Mercury

A

Hg

33
Q

Symbol for Arsenic

A

As

34
Q

Symbol for Uranium

A

U

35
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Protons (p), Neutrons (n) Electrons (e)

36
Q

Nucleus

A

Small and dense center of an atom that contains one or more protons and usually one or more neutrons

37
Q

Atomic Number

A

Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus

38
Q

Mass Number

A

Mass of an atom; total number of protons and neutrons

39
Q

Isotope

A

Forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass number

40
Q

Ion

A

Atom or group of atoms with one more net positive or negative electrical charges

41
Q

Acidity

A

Chemical characteristic that determines how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment

42
Q

pH

A

Measure of acidity based on the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) contained in a volume of a solution

43
Q

Acidic Solution

A

Solution with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and has a pH of less than 7

44
Q

Basic Solution

A

Solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and has a pH greater than 7

45
Q

Molecule

A

Combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces called chemical bonds

46
Q

Chemical Formula

A

Shows number and type of atom or ion in a compound

47
Q

Organic Compound

A

Compounds that contain at least two carbon atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements

48
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic compound of carbon and hydrogen atoms; examples include methane (CH4) and octane (C8H18)

49
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

A

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms; example is the insecticide DDT (C14H9Cl5)

50
Q

Simple Carbohydrates

A

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; example is glucose (C6H12O6)

51
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

Consist of two or more monomers of simple sugars

52
Q

Proteins

A

Formed by monomers called amino acids

53
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Compound formed by monomers called nucleotides

54
Q

Cell

A

Fundamental structural unit of life

55
Q

Genes

A

Sequence of nucleotides within DNA molecules

56
Q

Trait

A

Characteristic passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction in an animal or plant

57
Q

Chromosome

A

Special DNA molecule made of thousands of genes

58
Q

Physical Change

A

Matter changes state (solid, liquid, gas) but does not change in chemical composition

59
Q

Chemical Change

A

Change in the arrangement of atoms or ions within molecules

60
Q

Nuclear Change

A

Change to the nuclei of an atom; includes natural radioactive decay, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion

61
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

States that when a physical or chemical change occors, no atoms are created or destroyed

62
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work or transfer heat

63
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy that comes from mass and velocity

64
Q

Heat

A

Form of kinetic energy due to moving atoms, ions and molecules

65
Q

Methods of Heat Transfer

A

Radiation, Conduction, Convection

66
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Form of kinetic energy which travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in electric and magnetic fields

67
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy which is stored and potentially available for use

68
Q

Energy Quality

A

Measure of energy source’s capacity to do work

69
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy or 1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

No energy is created or destroyed when it is converted from one fore to another in a physical or chemical change

70
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

When energy changes from one form to another, we alsway end up with lower-quality or less usable energy

71
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

Measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system

72
Q

Feedback or Feedback Loop

A

Process that increases or decreases a change to a system

73
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Process that causes a system to change further in the same direction

74
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Process that causes a system to change in the opposite direction

75
Q

Tipping Point

A

Threshold level in a system that causes a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system

AP Env Science (Bob) (3 decks)

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