Science Flashcards
What are Forces that acts on rocks to change its shape or volume.
Stress
What adds (potential) energy to rocks.
Stress
What is rocks are able to bend and stretch to a certain extent.
Elasticity
What is the limit at which rocks can no longer take the stress and will break causing a fault.
Elastic Limit
What pulls rocks apart at divergent boundaries.
Tension
What squeezes rocks together at convergent boundaries.
Compression
What causes rock on either side of a fault to slide past each other at transform boundaries.
Shear
What surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit and break.
Fault
What is required to overcome strength of rocks and cause fault movement.
Tremendous force
What is tensional force on rock (hanging wall) above the fault surface that moves downward against the rock (footwall) below the fault surface.
Normal fault
What is compression force on rock ( hanging wall) above the fault surface and is forced up and over rock (footwall) below the fault surface.
Reverse fault
What is shear forces on either side of the fault surface that move past each other without much up or down movement.
Strike-slip fault
What is is the vibration produced by the breaking of rock.
Earthquake
What result from rocks moving over, under, or past each other over fault surfaces.
Earthquake
What can vibrations can range from
hardly noticeable to intense waves of energy.
What are Vibrations are generated by an earthquake
Seismic waves
What can Carry energy and travel through the earth
Seismic waves
What is the point under Earth’s surface where energy is first released.
Focus
What cause particles in rock to move back and forth in the same direction.
P-waves-primary waves
What are some characteristics of p-waves-primary waves
Travel the fastest and can move through earth’s outer liquid core
What are some characteristics of secondary-s-waves
Cause particles in rock to move at right angles, up and down or side to side, travel slower that p waves, and
cannot travel through liquid
What are some characteristics of surface waves
Move rock particles in a back and forth side to side almost circular motion and most destructive type of wave
What is is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
Epicenter
What is a scientist who study earthquakes
Seismologists
What is an instrument that measures and records seismic waves.
Seismographs
What is an instrument that measures and records seismic waves.
Seismometer
What is A chart, or graph, of a seismograph
Seismogram
What are some characteristics of magnitude
Is the numeric measure of an earthquakes size, each one point increase in magnitude is roughly equivalent to 32 times more energy released, and the numeric scale has no limit, but is believed that 9.5 is the highest magnitude.
What is the Richter magnitude scale:
Earliest scale used
-Compares the size of earthquakes
What is the Moment Magnitude scale:
-Most commonly used scale
-measures the total energy an earthquake releases
-More exact than the richter scale
What is the Modified Mercalli Scale:
-used to describe the intensity of a quake based on structural and geologic damage of the quake.
-The scale runs from I ( no damage) to XII (total damage)
-It is a more subjective scale
