Science final exam Flashcards
What causes cancer cells?
gene mutations
How does cell behavior in normal cells differ than in cancer cells?
Normal cells obey signals that tell them when they have reached their limit.
What is apoptosis?
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is purposeful, necrosis is on accident
What is the cell cycle?
A process where chromosomes are doubled
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Increases in size
What happens in the S stage of the cell cycle?
Copies DNA
What happens in G2 of the cell cycle?
It prepares to divide
What happens in mitosis?
It divides
What is the order of the cell cycle?
G1, S phase, G2, mitosis
What is the purpose of mitosis?
To make two daughter cells with the same chromosomes
What is produced at the end of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide
What are the steps of mitosis in order?
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Describe the difference between aerobic and and anaerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic makes energy faster and has more oxygen than anaerobic
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleic acid
What three components make up nucleotides?
Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group
What are the four base pairs in DNA?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine
How do the bases pair in DNA?
They are chemically bonded together through nitrogen bonds
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups
What makes up the slides of the ladder in DNA
Sugar and phosphate groups
What process does a cell use to duplicate its genetic material before dividing?
DNA replication
When does DNA replication take place?
During the S phase of the cell cycle
What are the steps of DNA replication?
Double hex opens, DNA strands separate,
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA is double stranded, an RNA is single stranded
What are the four bases in RNA?
adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine
Describe what RNA does
Carries proteins from DNA to the cytoplasm
What does tRNA do?
Makes RNA into a protein
What is protein synthesis?
The process that cells used to create proteins
What happens during transcription?
DNA is copied and turns into RNA (mRNA)
Where does transcription take place?
In the nucleus
What happens during translation?
mRNA turns amino acids in into proteins
Where does translation take place?
In the cytoplasm
What determines the type of proteins produced in a cell
Genetic code
What is a mutation?
Any change in the DNA sequence of the cell
What causes mutations?
Errors in DNA replication
What types of mutations are most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?
When jeans die
How many chromosomes are in the human somatic body cells?
46
How many chromosomes are there after mitosis
46
What is a prokaryote?
Organisms that lack a nucleus and other cell organelles
What is a eukaryote?
An organism that contains a nucleus
What is a allele
Variations in jeans
