Science Final Flashcards
organization of the body
cell → tissue →organ →Body
System
cells
make up all living things
*capable of reproducing themselves
*made from an already-existing cell
organelles
structures found inside cells
Mitochondria
Uses oxygen and sugar (glucose) to provide energy to the cell
(the “mighty mitochondria”)
cell membrane
*surrounds the cell, holds it together
*Lets particles into and out of the cell
*semi-permeable layer that surrounds both plant and animal cells
cell wall
*only in plant cells
*gives cells support and structure
chloroplasts
only in plant cells
* take in carbon dioxide
* organelle where photosynthesis takes place
nucleus
controls what goes on in cell
* contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
fat cells
stores energy
sac-like appearance
cytoplasm
the jellylike substance that fills the cell, where the organelles are located
skin cells
protects from invaders like bacteria and viruses
keeps out invaders that can make you sick
bone cells
gives the body shape and structure
helps support your body
bone cells cause bones to be hard
blood cells
carries nutrients and oxygen to other cells in your body
remove waste (carbon dioxide) from your cells
circulatory system
heart, arteries, veins
moves blood around the body
digestive system
mouth, stomach, intestines
breaks down food into molecules our cells can use
digestion of food begins in the mouth
muscular system
involuntary muscles and voluntary muscles
moves the body
nervous system
nerves, brain, spinal cord, sensory organs
takes in information from the outside world and tells the body how to react
sensory neurons
nerve cells that take in information from the outside world and send it to the brain
respiratory system
mouth and nose, lungs
takes in oxygen cells need and gets rid of the carbon dioxide they produce
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries - Away from the heart
Arteries are oxygen rich
Veins - Into the heart
Veins carry oxygen poor blood
voluntary muscles
when a person wants them to move (like lifting an arm, smiling or using fingers to type)
involuntary muscles
move things a person does not normally control ex. muscles that move food through your intestine, heart
sensory organs
eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue
cerebrum
responsible for your imagination
controls thinking and the senses
medulla
controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing
cerebellum
responsible for learning new things
controls motion and balance
Gregor Mendel
learned about genetics by studying pea plants
sexual reproduction
requires 2 parents
offspring receive genetic information from 2 parents so they are not genetically identical
asexual reproduction
requires only 1 organism and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
dominant allele
dominant or overriding trait
*masks a recessive trait when both are present in an organism
*made from an already-existing cell
*shown with a CAPITAL letter
recessive allele
weaker trait
*often hidden by dominant trait
*requires 2 copies to be expressed (tt, cc, pp, etc.)
*shown with a lowercase letter
heterozygous
when you have both a recessive allele and a dominant allele for a trait (Bb)
an organism can NEVER be heterozygous recessive
homozygous
when you have the same two alleles for a trait either two dominant (BB) or two recessive (bb)
What does it mean if a parent is Ee (heterozygous) for a given trait?
the parent shows trait “E”
the parent can pass down trait “E” or “e” to its offspring
genotype
an organism’s allele combination
phenotype
physical appearance of an organism (what you see when you look at the organism)
weather
day to day
atmospheric condition on a specific day, in a specific place
what we GET
climate
what we EXPECT
average conditions in a general region
over a long period of time
data is calculated over 30 years
Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius to
C = (temp in F - 32) x 5 ÷ 9
Greenhouse gases
a substance that traps heat in Earth’s atmosphere
carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases
at the right levels are beneficial for the earth
What happens to the majority of solar radiation when it reaches Earth?
It gets absorbed by the Earth
fossil fuels
a substance formed from ancient organic material that is used to generate energy, such as coal, oil, and natural gas
Effects of Climate Change
coral reefs harmed
crops are producing less
wildfires are burning longer
and becoming more frequent
What is climate change?
a shift in worldwide climate patterns, including warming temperatures and more frequent extreme events, like hurricanes
Greenhouse Effect
the Earth’s atmosphere trapping heat from the sun which keeps Earth just the right temperature to survive
solar radiation
energy from the sun
conductors
particles are close together.
particles get neighboring particles to vibrate easily
material that allows for energy in the form of heat to be transferred
metals and liquids are good examples
insulators
particles are further apart.
takes a lot of energy to get the particles in the material to vibrate
gases are good examples
vacuum - best example
material that prevents thermal energy transfer
radiation
the transfer of thermal energy through electromagnetic waves
does NOT require matter
conduction
the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact of particles
ex. touching a hot pan
convection
the transfer of thermal energy in liquids and gases by particles moving in currents
i.e. warm air circulating around the room
kinetic energy
energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
thermal energy transfer
the movement of thermal energy from a warmer/hotter area to a cooler area
