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Grade 9 Science > Science Exam Study > Flashcards

Science Exam Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space (solid, Liquid, Gas). Example: Water.

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2
Q

What is Particle Theory?

A

All matter is made of tiny particles that have empty spaces between them.

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3
Q

What is Particle Theory?

A

Different substances are made of different kinds of particles.

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4
Q

What is Particle Theory?

A

Particles are in constant random motion.

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5
Q

What is Particle Theory?

A

The particles of a substance move faster as the temperature increase.

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6
Q

What is Particle Theory?

A

Particles attract each each other (the closer together, the stronger the attraction).
Distant = weak attraction
Close = Strong attraction

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7
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid and Gas.

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8
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A pure substance consist of only one type of particle.

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9
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture consists of more than one type of particle.

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10
Q

What are solids?

A

Solids are usually in a fixed shape, has the strongest forces between them, and particles are close together.

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11
Q

What are liquids?

A

Liquids are disorder with clusters, but still have some room to move around, weaker than solids.

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12
Q

What are gases?

A

Gases ae total disorder, lots of empty space, complete freedom , particles move fast in all directions.

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13
Q

What is a mechanical mixture?

A

A mixture in which the substances in it are distinguishable from each other, either with your eyes or a microscope.

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14
Q

What are some examples of mechanical mixtures?

A

Breakfast cereal, chocolate chip ice cream, a pizza and spicy salad dressing is a mechanical mixture.

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15
Q

What is a solution?

A

Looks like a pure substance but it contains more than on type of particle.

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16
Q

Example of a solution.

A

Clear apple juice, a pane of clear glass, garbage in a garbage can, sand, salt water, a quarter.

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17
Q

What is an alloy?

A

Is two or more metals mixed together An alloy is an example of a solution.

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18
Q

Examples is an alloy.

A

Bronzes, and stainless steal.

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19
Q

Examples of a pure substances.

A

Pure iron, distilled water, gold bar, and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Examples of mixtures.

A

Granola bars, orange juice, tea, a glass of koolaid, and soil

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21
Q

How is particle theory used: why a solid metal expands when it’s heated?

A

Because of the temperature, the particles, begin to move faster/ more energy/ moves more easily.

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22
Q

What are physical properties?

A

A characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition of tha substance. It may be quantitative or qualitative.

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23
Q

What is quantitative physical properties?

A

Are measured and include temperature, height, and mass.

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24
Q

What is qualitative physical properties?

A

Are not measured and include colour, texture, and odour.

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25
Q

What is a physical change?

A

A physical change is a change in which the composition of the substances remains unaltered and no new substances are produced. Involves only one substance (except dissolving) and are easily reversible.

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26
Q

Examples of physical change/its forms.

A

Are a change of size or shape, a change of state, cutting, molding (chopping), grinding, tearing, and dissolving. Also changes in forms (powder crystal, cubs).

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27
Q

Examples of physical properties.

A

500g of butter, a glass of milk, a candle, and a spoonful of sugar.

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28
Q

Characteristics of physical properties include?

A

Can used to identify a pure substance: Density, Boiling point, Melting point, Freezing point, and Heat conductivity.

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29
Q

What is a chemical property?

A

Is a property of a substance that describes its ability to undergo changes to composition to produce one or more new substances.

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30
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

A chemical change is a change in the starting substance(s) and the production of one or more new substances.

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31
Q

Evidence of chemical change.

A

Colour, odour, and energy change, gas and precipitate production.

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32
Q

Characterics of chemical changes.

A

Burning, rusting, flammability, eating (saliva action on food), and many are not reversible.

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33
Q

Describe the difference a physical and a chemical change.

A

The is a physical change doesn’t produce a new substance, but a chemical change does.

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34
Q

Examples of chemical changes.

A

Firewood burns and ashes remain, and sugar, eggs, and flour are mixed and baked together into cookies.

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35
Q

Examples of chemical properties.

A

Explodes when ignited, and changes colour when mixed with water

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36
Q

What is density?

A

Density is the amount of matter per unit volume of that matter (refers to mass).

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37
Q

What are the 3 variables used to describe the relationship between. . .

A

the volume, mass and density.

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38
Q

Why does a solid expand when heated?

A

A solid metal expands, because of the temperature. The particles begin to move faster/more energy/move more easily.

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39
Q

Why smells of good food diffuse from a bag to your nose?

A

Diffusion moves and spreads around the room; heat rises.

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40
Q

You have 100ml of water in a beaker. You add 20 ml of table salt and the water only rises to 105ml. Why?

A

Because salt dissolves and become/made it a solution

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41
Q

What are elements?

A

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means.

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42
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a substance formed from two or more elements chemically joined (bonded) together.

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43
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest unit of an element.

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44
Q

What are molecules?

A

Consist of 2 or more atoms of the same element (molecular element) and different elements (molecular compound ).

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45
Q

What are diatomic elements?

A

Diatomic elements are more stable when joined in a pair. There are seven elements that form molecules consisting of two atoms.

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46
Q

What is the significance of the bold staircase line on the periodic table?

A

Known as the separation line, to help separate non-metals and metals.

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47
Q

Characteristics of non-metals.

A

Brittle, dull, gas under pressure shatter when struck, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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48
Q

Characteristics of metals.

A

Lustrous, malleable, ductile conducts electricity, and can be flattened by hammering.

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49
Q

Examples of metals.

A

Cooper, gold, lithium, etc.

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50
Q

Examples of non-metals.

A

Helium, hydrogen, sulfur, bromine, etc.

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51
Q

Who is Democritus?

A

Democritus (theories of the atom) thought matter could be divided into smaller and smaller pieces until a single indivisible particle around 400BC.

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52
Q

What was Democritus’s conclusion?

A

He named the particle the atom (which was indivisible) and proposed that atoms are different sizes, are in constant motion, and separated by empty spaces.

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53
Q

Who is Aristotle?

A

Aristotle (theories of the atom) rejected the idea of the atom. He proposed four basic elements: earth, water, air, and fire around 450BC.

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54
Q

Who is John Dalton?

A

Dalton (the billiard ball model) states all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Also, the atom is a tiny, solid indestructible sphere. Around 1807.

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55
Q

Who is J.J. Thomason?

A

Thomason (the plum pudding model) theorized that atoms contain negatively charged particles called electrons. And believed atoms are neutral, the rest of the atom is positively charged sphere. The electrons are electrons are evenly distributes in the atom, like the raisins in plum pudding. Around 1897.

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56
Q

Who is Ernest Rutherford?

A

Rutherford (the nucleus and the proton)gold foil experiment led him to propose that atoms are mostly empty space. The center/nucleus of the atom consists of positively charged particles called protons. Around 1909.

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57
Q

Who is James Chadwick?

A

Chadwick (the neutron) revised Rutherford’s theory and nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral particles called neutrons.

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58
Q

What are chemical nature of matter?

A
  1. All matter has mass and takes up space.
  2. All matter is made up of atoms.
  3. The atom is made up three types of particles.
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59
Q

Who is Niels Bohr and his diagrams?

A

Bohr studied light produced by hydrogen atoms and proposed that electrons occupy fixed orbits around the nucleus. The diagrams of atoms show the number and location of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom.

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60
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

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61
Q

What is the atomic number

A

The number of protons.

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62
Q

What is the number of neutrons?

A

The difference between the mass number and the atomic number?

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63
Q

What is the number of electrons?

A

The number of protons in a neutral form.

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64
Q

What is subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Electrons and Neutrons.

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65
Q

What is the chemical formula?

A

The notation used to indicate the type and number of atoms in pure substance.

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66
Q

What is the octet rule and ions.

A

The octet rule is a simple chemical theory that states the atoms gain, lose, or share electrons so that they have eight electrons in their other shell/valence shells, similar to the noble gases.

In simple terms, atoms are more stable when the outer shells of their atoms have 8 electrons.

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67
Q

Chemical Reactivity of Noble gases?

A

Very stable/not reactive, because they all have full other shells.

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68
Q

Chemical Reactivity of Alkali Metals?

A

Very reactive, because they don’t have a full outer shell.They lose 1 electron.

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69
Q

Chemical Reactivity of Halogens?

A

Very reactive, because they don’t have a full outer shell. They gain 1 electrons.

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70
Q

How do atoms combine?

A

Elements react to try and get a full valence shell to become more stable.

71
Q

There are 3 Ways in which an atom doesn’t have a full valence shell can fill it…

A
  1. It can gain electrons (Ionic Bond)
  2. It can lose electrons (Ionic Bond)
  3. It can share electrons (Covalent Bond)
72
Q

What are ionic compounds (metals and non-metals)?

A

Ionic bonds are formed between ,metal elements and non-metals elements.

72
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

A chemical bond is the attraction between 2 atoms.

73
Q

What are ionic bonds (metals and non-metals)?

A

Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of 2 oppositely charged ions (an ion is a charged particle).

74
Q

Explain the difference between and atom and an ion?

A

Atoms are neutral and ions are charged particles.

75
Q

What are convalent bonds?

A

Formed from atoms that share electrons and non-metals elements. The attraction results in a convalent bond.

76
Q

Where are protons located?

A

In the nucleus and have a positive charge.

77
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

In orbits around the nucleus and have a negative charge.

78
Q

Where are neutrons located?

A

In the nucleus and have no charge.

79
Q

What are the 7 groupes elements are organized into?

A

1- Alkali Metals
2- Alkali Earth metals
3- Metals
4 - Other metals
5- Non-metals
6-Halogens
7 - Noble Gases

80
Q

What is the difference between a group and a period?

A

A group is a vertical row and a period is a horizontal row.

81
Q

What is Atomic Theory?

A

Explains our understanding of how the atom has changed over time.

82
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Are atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

83
Q

What is the Earth System?

A

All the matter, energy, and process with Earth’s boundary.

84
Q

What is the geosphere?

A

The geosphere is mostly solid, rocky part of Earth. It extends from the center of Earth to the surface of Earth.

85
Q

What is the crust?

A

The thin outermost layer of the geosphere is called the crust.

86
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

The mantle is the layer that lies below the crust.

87
Q

What is the cryosphere?

A

Is made up of all the frozen water on Earth.

88
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

The part of Earth that is liquid water.

89
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

Include all the ecosystems on Earth and is all the different biomes, each bleeding into the other, while all humans living in many different geographic areas forming a huge community of humans, animals, and plants.

90
Q

How do Earth’s sphere interact?

A

The five spheres interact as matter and energy change and cycle through the systems that make life on Earth possible.

91
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All living things in a given area interacting with each other, also their non-living environment.

92
Q

What is an individual?

A

Any living thing or organisms
Ex: 1 goldfish.

93
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of a given species that live in a specific area at a given time.
Ex: A school of goldfish

94
Q

What is a community?

A

All the population in a specific area at a given time (includes population in a specific area at a given species.
Ex: goldfish, crabs, salmons coexist and uses biodiversity.

95
Q

What is a Biome?

A

A set of ecosystems sharing similar characteristics with their abiotic factors adapted to their environment.

96
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Most ecosystems are sustainable, meaning they’re self-regulating and maintaining for long periods of time. Basically, to maintain natural ecological.

97
Q

What is an artificial ecosystem?

A

MEans created by humans.

98
Q

What is a producer?

A

A producer is an organism that mes its own food.
Plants are producers.

99
Q

What is a consumer?

A

An organism that has to eat to get energy.

100
Q

What are the types of consumers?

A

Herbivore, Carnivore, and Omnivore.

101
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Breaks down dead plants and animals, reduces it to simpler forms of matter while returning them to the soil.

102
Q

What is a food chain?

A

Shows how each living thing get food and always begins with the producer.

103
Q

What is a feb web?

A

Shows alternative pathways through which can organism/obtains energy.

104
Q

The 1st Trophic Level = . . .

A

Primary producers

105
Q

The 2nd Trophic Level = . . .

A

Primary consumers

106
Q

The 3rd Trophic Level = . . .

A

Consumers (Carnivores and Omnivores)

107
Q

What’s the source of Earth’s Energy?

A

Almost all of Earth’s energy comes from the Sun. However tiny portion comes from ocean tides and geothermal sources such as lava and magma.

108
Q

What is an energy budget?

A

Energy is transferred between Earth’s systems.
Energy is transferred between Earth’s Spheres but it is not created or destroyed.

109
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

A mixture of mostly indivisible gases (air).
- 78% nitrogen - 21% oxygen- 1% other gases
Traps some energy from the Sun, which helps keep Earth warm enough for living things to survive.

110
Q

How does the atmosphere protects all living things?

A
  1. Some gases absorb and reflect harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun.
  2. Causes space debris to burn up before reaching Earth’s surface and causing harm.
111
Q

Define Biotic.

A

Living components.
Ex: plants, bacteria, animals

112
Q

Define Abiotic.

A

Non-living components
Ex: water, air, soil, temperature, sunlight

113
Q

What are the types of ecosystems?

A

2 Groupes:
1. Exist in a water body aka Aquatic Ecosystem
2. Exist outside of water bodies aka Terrestrial Ecosystem

114
Q

What is the 10% Rule?

A

As you go up each tropic level, the energy transferred is times 10 (x10). In addition, the energy transferred is lost into the atmosphere as heat.

115
Q

What is biomass?

A

A measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.

116
Q

What are limiting factors?

A

The population size of a species can be limited by abiotic and biotic factors.

117
Q

What does density dependent mean?

A

Factors based on the size of the population
-Disease, Predation, Competition, Parasitism, Unusual weather

118
Q

What is predation?

A

The ecological process by which energy is transferred from animals based of a predator that captures and kills a prey before eating it.

119
Q

Example of predation.

A

A lynx and hare. If the lynx are many hares, the lynx population declines.

120
Q

What is competition?

A

Fighting over resources. The interaction of individuals that fight for a common resource that is in limited supply.

120
Q

Example of competition.

A

Birds may compete for nesting spaces.

121
Q

What is density independent?

A

Affects population growth regardless of population size.
- Natural disasters, old age, and hunting.

122
Q

Example of density independent.

A

A flood will wipe out the same percentage of population regardless of its size.

123
Q

What is Symbiosis?

A

Is the close on often long-term interaction between two different biological species.

124
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

Both species benefit from each other.

125
Q

Example of mutualism.

A

Clownfish and sea anemone
The clownfish clears the anemone and protects the clownfish.

126
Q

What is Parasitism?

A

One organism lives on/feed on host.

127
Q

Example of parasitism.

A

Humans and mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes bite humans to get food, while humans are harmed by blood loss, itching, and sometimes even disease.

128
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One organism benefits while the other is unharmed.

129
Q

Example of commensalism.

A

A whale and a barnacle.
The baracle attaches to the whale and gets a habitat and a free ride to a new food source while the whale unharmed.

130
Q

How to do population calculation?

A

(Birth Rate + Immigration) - (Death rate + Emigration)

131
Q

What is immigration?

A

Species moving into a region

132
Q

What is emigration?

A

Species moving out of a region.

133
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

The maximum population size of a particular species that a given ecosystem can sustain.

134
Q

Example of carrying capacity.

A

As population’s size increase, the demand for resources, such as food, water, shelter, and space also increase. Eventually, there will not be enough resources for each individual.

135
Q

What does the term pest mean?

A

Used only in reference to human wishes. There are no pests in nature.

136
Q

What does a broad-spectrum pesticides?

A

Toxic to a range of species.

137
Q

What is a narrow-spectrum pesticides?

A

Toxic to a limited range of species.

138
Q

How do pesticides help?

A

Helped farmers reduce crop damage and increases food production.
Help control populations of biting insects, such as mosquitoes that spread disease.

139
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Are “simple” compounds that are use, broken down, and recycled.

140
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Are “complex” compounds designed not to break down and, therefore, kill organisms. Because they accumulate bodies of organisms and move up the food chain

141
Q

What is Bioamplification?

A

At each step (trophic level) in the food chain the concentration of pesticides increases.

141
Q

What is Bioaccumulation?

A

Pesticides do not break down they accumulate bodies of organisms and move up the food chain.

142
Q

Define biological diversity.

A

A variety of living organisms (plants and animals).

143
Q

Define species diversity.

A

A number of species in a given area.

144
Q

Example of species diversity.

A

An island with 2 bird species and lizard species is more diverse than an island with 3 bird species.

145
Q

Define genetic diversity.

A

Variations of genes within a species. Lots of distinct population within a species.

145
Q

Example of genetic diversity.

A

Rice in India-all from the same species.

146
Q

Define ecosystem diversity.

A

Variety of ecosystems within an area. Very hard to measure due to overlapping boundary areas also called ecolones.

147
Q

Example of ecosystem diversity.

A

Coniferous forest meeting a meadow or ocean meeting a beach.

148
Q

What is the importance of biodiversity?

A
  • Maintains soil quality
  • Maintains qir quantity
  • Maintains water quality
  • Pest control
  • Pollination Production
  • Crop production
  • (potential) Medicines
149
Q

What is the 5 threats of biodiversity?

A
  • Habitat destruction/fragmentation
  • Invasive species
  • Pollution
  • Population growth
  • Overconsumption
150
Q

Facts about abiotic factors/biodiversity.

A
  1. The more sunlight and the more rain on an area gets the higher its biodiversity will be.
  2. Ecosystems closer to the equator have greatest biodiversity of animal species.
  3. The more biodiverse and area is = healthy and stable ecosystems area
151
Q

What is a biodiversity hot spot.

A

A biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. Lost at least 70% of its habitat due to human impact.

152
Q

What are some human causes for extinction?

A
  1. Human activity
  2. About 80 species and mammals become extinct shortly after humans reached North America ver 1000 years ago.
153
Q

How much of the energy reaching Earth s absorbed and connected to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis? Where does the energy go?

A

During photosynthesis, green plants use the Sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (chemical energy) and oxygen. 0.023% is absorbed by plants in photosynthesis.

154
Q

What energy-rich substance is produced by green plants during photosynthesis?

A

Producers make their own energy-rich food compounds using the Sun’s energy.

155
Q

Explain how you know plants contain energy-rich substances.

A

When plants require energy they break down this starch in the presence of oxygen and obtain energy, his process is known as cellular respiration.

156
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.

157
Q

What chemical process(es) do producers and consumers share and not share?

A

They share cellular respiration.
They do not share is that only producers make their own food through photosynthesis.

158
Q

Describe some possible impacts of adding/removing species from an ecosystem.

A
  1. New species may disrupt the balance of feeding.
  2. Others animals that depend on it for food may die.
  3. Species will start to eat each other species.
159
Q

Bison, zebra, and kangaroos are three large animals. Explain why they have similar ecological niches bt cannot be shown in the same food web.

A

Because they are all grass eater aka herbivores.

160
Q

What are biogeochemical cycles?

A

As matter cannot be created or destroyed, it must be produced or obtained from chemicals that already exist in the environment.

161
Q

Biogeochemical cycles include. . .

A

Involves movement of matter (cycles) through the biotic and abiotic environment on Earth.
The cycles are: 1-Water Cycle 2-Carbon Cycle 3- Nitrogen Cycle

162
Q

What is static electricity?

A

An imbalance of positive and negative charges on an object.

163
Q

What are the charges on objects?

A

May be positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral. Become charged when electrons are either removed from or added to the object.

164
Q

What is the charge on the neutral object?

A

number of protons = number of electrons

165
Q

What is the charge on the positively charged object?

A

number of protons > number of electrons.

166
Q

What is the charge on the negatively charged object?

A

number of electrons > number of protons

167
Q

What are the laws of electric charges?

A

A charged object exerts an electric force a nearby object.
The force either attracts or repels the nearby object.
*Electrons move
*Protons don’t

168
Q

The law of electric charges states that. . .

A
  1. opposite charges attract each other
  2. objects with like charges repel each other
  3. charged objects will attract neutral objects
169
Q

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A

Grade 9 Science (1 decks)

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