Science Earth and Space Chapter 1 Flashcards
Science
study of matter and movement of God;s physical creation
Matter
substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance
Pedology
the study of soil
Hypothesizing
Hypothesis
thinking seriously, about the objects and events of nature, and formulating a sensible explanation
Observation
involves gathering data about nature in an orderly way
Data
(facts)
Experimentation
methodically testing hypotheses
Theory
a way of explaining an object or event by using a set of facts
law
a theory that has never been proven false
6 steps of the Scientific Method
1: State the problem
2: Gather information
3: Formulate a hypothesis
4: Test the hypothesis
5: Record and analyze
6: State the conclusion
Falsifiability
a hypothesis is falsifiable if it could be proven false
Dependent variable
factor that is observed to determine the results of the experiment
independent variable
the factor that you change to test your hypothesis
controlled variables
same in all groups
experimental groups
the groups on which the test is preformed
control group
a group in which the independent variable is absent
Technology
the use of science to solve practical problems
Engineering design process
the develop of technology
6 steps to the Design Process
1: State the problem to be solved
2: Determine the criteria and constraints of the problem
3: research and develop possible solutions to the problem
4: Choose a design and make a detailed plan
5: Build and test a Prototype
6: Analyze the prototype and improve the design
Criteria
the minimum characteristics that a design must have to function at all
constraints
the characteristic required to solve the problem
prototype
a model of a design that is used for testing
Logic
the study of reasoning
inference
a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence
Deductive reasoning
reasoning from evident to a more specific conclusion
proposition
a statement of fact
hypothetical proposition
if/then statement
affirming the antecedent
the possibilty is that the consequent is true
denying the consequent
we know the consequent is false the antecedent must also be false
science and deduction
the scientific method requires using deductive reasoning to make predictions based on hypotheses
inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific evidence to a more general conclusion
repeatability
if you keep the factors the same, you will essentially the same results
reproducibility
you will get the same result under different conditions and by preforming other experiments that test the same hypothesis
Post Hoc Fallacy
the assumption that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor
Model
anything that provides a partial representation of something else
organic material
material primarily derived from living organisms
mineral materials
derived from nonliving matter, such as mineral and rocks
decomposition
leaves behind minerals and humus
humus
a substance composed of decayed organism’ particles
multiple-use materials
adding animal or plow under certain crops to add more humus to the soil
recycling
reusing more materials
topsoil
first section of the soil
horizon
soil layer
subsoil
middle section of the soil
bedrock
bottom layer of the soil
sand
course and gritty, with easily seen particles
silt
very small particles
clay
very tightly packed particles
loam
a range of sand, silt, clay, and humus mixtures
Munsell charts
provide standard names and descriptions of soil colors
pH scale
to express the degree of acidity or basicity
nutrients
nourishing substsnvrd
primary planet food elements
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
phosphates
element phosphorus bonded to oxygen and other elements
potash
two potassium atoms bonded to an oxygen atom
nitrogen
stimulate rapid growth of leaves, giving plants a rich green color
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen moved from air to the soil to be used by plants and the returned to the atmosphere to be used again
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
nitrifying bacteria
ammonia is converted to nitrates
denitrifying bacteria
converts nitrogen from nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen
phosphorus
essential for cell division and growth promotes plant maturation
Potassium
contributes to the general health of the plant and improve disease resistance
Pore Spaces
space in the roots of the plant
Pore Spaces
space in the roots of the plant
saturated
soil and porous rocks completely filled with water
groundwater
water located under the soil’s surface
water table
the upper surface of groundwater
aquifer
soil mixture holding water
artesian well
self-pumping well
capillarity
the upward movement of water through tiny spaces in response to tension
