Science Christmas Exams Flashcards
Atom
Atoms consist of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons orbited by electrons. Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements.
atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
Element
A chemical made up of only one kind of atom is called an element
electron configuration
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electron in the atom. Electrons are arranged in Energy levels or shells and sub-shells around the nucleus of an atom.
Main energy levels: K(1), L(2), M(3), N(4)
Sub energy levels: s2, p6, d10, f14 (always put 3d10 after 4s6)
periodic table
There are 18 groups(columns) and 7 periods(rows) in a periodic table. Metals are in the groups: 1, 2, 13. Non metals are in the groups 13-17.
Isotope
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
ions
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge.
Cation: an ion with a positive charge
Anion: an ion with a negative charge
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself.
Strong and weak chemical bonds:
Bonds are stronger between atoms are stronger than bonds with molecules.
Ionic compounds:
The ionic bond is between metals and non-metals. The metals lose an electron while the nonmetals gain an electron. The metals lose electrons from 1-3 and the nonmetals gain electrons from 1-3.
Covalent compounds:
Covalent bonds share electrons between nonmetals.
Metallic bonds
Metallic bonds are between atoms of the same metals like N2 for example. Metallic bonds can conduct electricity because they have a sea of free electrons.
Hydrogen bonds:
a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom.
Balancing equations:
keep mass of products and reactants the same by adjusting coefficients as necessary
Factors affecting rates of Chemical Reactions:
concentration, temperature, catalysts
Polar molecules:
Molecules that have unequal distribution of charges. When one atom has a higher electronegative charge than the other and attracts the shared pair of electrons. For example like H2O.
Non polar molecules:
A nonpolar molecule has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed. In other words, the electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly distributed across the molecule.
Solubility
Solubility is the ability to dissolve into (become a part of) another substance.
Detergents
Soaps for example have a polar and a non-polar side. The polar side attracts water and other polar molecules and the non-polar side attracts non-polar molecules like oil.
Water:
H2O
water cycle
The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation.
Nutrients
Nutrients are compounds in foods essential to life and health, providing us with energy.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are your body’s main source of energy. When you eat carbs, your body breaks them down into simple sugars, which are absorbed into the bloodstream .
Proteins (essential and non-essential amino acids)
Protein makes up the building blocks of organs, muscles, skin and hormones. Your body needs protein to maintain and repair tissues. (Proteins are like meat, fish, beans, eggs and almonds.) Proteins are made of monomer amino acids (acidic group and carboxyl group). Multiple amino acids in a polymer make a protein.
Denaturation
Denaturation is process which breaks down the molecular structure of protein. This process breaks down the weak bonds in the protein to create a more irregularly structured proteins.
Fat (Saturated, Unsaturated and trans fats)
Fat is a form of fuel used by your body. Fats is essential for cell growth and recovery.
Saturated Fats
These fats are found in meat and other animal products, such as butter and cheese. Saturated fats can increase the LDL level in your body, which can cause heart diseases.
Unsaturated Fats
These are found in plant foods and fish. These facts are good for heart health.
Trans Fats
Trans fats are like burgers, junk food and lots of snacks. These facts are very harmful to your health as they can highly raise the LDL levels. Lower HDL, higher LDL.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of fat found in your blood. Your liver makes cholesterol for your body.
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all the cells in your body. Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods.
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
LDL needs to be kept in lower levels in your body because it is the bad type of cholesterol. This type of cholesterol is bad for our bodies because they can build up in our arteries and cause them to narrow, which eventually leads to heart diseases and strokes.
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
HDL needs to be kept in higher levels in your body because they are they are the good type and control the LDL. HDL carries the LDL away from our arteries.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides store the extra fat from your diet/food in your body. It is important to keep the triglyceride levels low along with the LDL levels or else you can get many heart complications.
Vitamins: A,B, C, D, E and K
Vitamins help health and organ functions. They help , heal wounds, and strengthen your immune system. They also convert food into energy, and repair cellular damage.
Minerals
Minerals are a vital component for our bodies as they help keep our bones, muscles, brain and heart working properly. They also help create enzymes and hormones in our body. Types of minerals include: calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur.
Trace Minerals
Trace minerals include the elements: iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluorine and selenium.
Water
Your body uses water in all its cells, organs, and tissues to help regulate temperature and maintain other bodily functions.
Fibre
Fibre helps to keep our digestive system healthy and helps to prevent constipation. Eating Fibres also helps make us feel fuller. Examples of fibres include: oatmeal, beans, nuts, and fruits such as apples, berries, citrus fruits, and pears.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are molecules that fight free radicals in your body. Free radicals are compounds that can cause harm if their levels become too high in your body.
Free Radicals
Free radicals are basically chemicals which are scavenging our body for free electrons.
Balanced Diet
You need to eat a good amount of proteins and nutrients for your body to get enough energy. Additionally you also need to exercise well, at least 60 minutes a day.
Digestion
Digestion is the physical and chemical process of breaking down the food we eat. It is important as our body extracts all the nutrients from our food for our bodies to use as energy.
Enzymes
Enzymes are natural catalysts and they have help in speeding up reaction in our body.
Function of the small intestine
The small intestine carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream. There is a component in the walls of the small intestine called villi which helps absorb the nutrients from your food.
Function of the large intestine
The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over.
Function of the liver
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. Bile breaks down fats into fatty acids. The liver is also where the stored glucose in the form of glycogen is.
Function of the mouth.
Humans take food into their digestive system through the mouth and the esophagus. The mouth has salivary Amylase which breaks down starch.
Function of the stomach
Digestion of protein starts in the stomach, catalysed by pepsin. Bacteria, which could cause food poisoning, are mostly killed by the. acid conditions of stomach. The acid also provides optimum conditions for pepsin to work.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.
Diabetes type 1
Means that your body can’t produce insulin.
Diabetes type 2
People diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have insulin in their bodies however their cells have grown resistant to this insulin. Their body can’t produce enough insulin.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces the enzyme pancreatic lipase for fats and it also produces the hormones glucagon and insulin.
Glucagon
Glucagon’s role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver in several ways: It stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose.
Glucose
Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body’s cells
Glycogen
When the body has extra glucose, it stores it in the liver and muscles. This stored form of glucose is called glycogen. Glycogen is like your backup fuel.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.
Calories
A calorie is a unit of measurement for the amount of energy a food has to offer. It’s a way of describing how much energy your body could get from eating or drinking it.
Empty calories
Empty calories are calories from food that supply energy but have little or no nutritional value.
Eating disorders.
Abnormal eating habits that can deeply harm your health.
Binge eating disorder
Just overeating when they are bored. They have no control over the amount of food they eat.
Anorexia
Fear of gaining weight. They just don’t eat.
Bulimia
People who tend to over eat in a short period of time. After they stop eating they blame themselves, so they vomit out their food.
Diet advice.
Lots of Fibres, Nutritional food and a lot of exercising. Learn to cook a lot more homemade meals instead of buying processed food from stores.
Ingestion
Eating
Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller pieces
Absorption
The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion pass through cell membranes of the lining in the small intestine into the blood or lymph
Assimilation
Use of absorbed molecules in cells. Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used
Egestion
The act or process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism
Starch
Enzyme = salivary amylase, product = maltose, ph level = neutral and slightly akaline. Reaction occurs in the mouth.
Protein
Enzyme = pepsin, product = polypeptides, ph level = very acidic. Occurs in the stomach.
Fats
Eznyme = pancreatic lipase, product = monoglycerides and fatty acids, ph level = neutral. Occurs in the pancrease.
