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Science chapter 3 flash cards > Science chapter 3 flash cards > Flashcards

Science chapter 3 flash cards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisims and other organisims and their enviorment.

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2
Q

Biotic

A

Living enviornment- includes organisms

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non living or physical surrondings, space, temperature, sunlight, soil, wind, and precipitation.

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4
Q

Species

A

similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another- create babies together.

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5
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms that live in the same environment

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6
Q

Community

A

All different species that are living and interacting in a place at the same time.

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community and its physical enviornment. Birds and a wet land marsh make an ecosystem.

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8
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Studies ecological processes that operate

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9
Q

Biosphere

A

The parts of Earth’s atmosphere, ocean,land surface, and soil that contain all livings organisms.

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10
Q

Atmosphere

A

Is the gaseius envelope surronding the Earth

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11
Q

Hydrosphere

A

The Earths supply of water, liquid, and frozen, fresh, and salty

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12
Q

lithosphere

A

Is the soil abd rock of the Earths crust

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13
Q

Energy

A

The capacity or ability to do work.

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14
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy can exist as stored energy

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15
Q

KInetic energy

A

The Energy of motion

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16
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy and its transformations

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17
Q

Closed system

A

self contained and isolated, it does not exchande energy with its surrondings.

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18
Q

Open systems

A

exhibits and exchange of energy with its surrondings, ex. a city,and earth.

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19
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A

Organism may absorb or give off energy to its surrondings, but the total energy in the organism and its surrondings will be the same. energy cant be created or destroyed

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20
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

The amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe decreases overtime.Consistent to First law total amount of energy in the universe is not decreasing with time. But the total amount of energy in the universe available to do work decreses over time.

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21
Q

Entropy

A

Is a measure of this disorder or ramdomness; organized, usable energy has low entropy, whereas disorganized energy such as heat has high entrophy.

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22
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The biological process in which light energy form the sunis captured and transformed into the chemical energyof carbonhydrate(sugar) molocules. Photosythetic pigments such as chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color,absorb radiant energy. This energy is used to manufacture the carbon gluclose(C6H12O6) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2o),whith the liberation of oxygen(02) 6CO2+12H2O+radiant enegy to C2H12O6+6H2O+6O2.

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23
Q

Celluar respiration

A

Molecules are broken down with water and oxygen and turned into co2 and H20

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24
Q

Aerobic celluar respiration

A

Molecules such as gluclose are broken down in the presence of oxygen and water into carbon dioxide and water with the release of enegy. C6H12O6+6O2+6H2Oto +6CO2+12H2O+energy.

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25
Q

Hydrothermal Vent ecosystem

A

On the ocean floor where sea water had pentrated and been heated by rockbelow. duing this time within earth, the water has been charged with inorganic compounds, including hydrogen sulfide(H2S).

26
Q

Chemosythesis

A

This possess enzymes(organic catalyst) that cause the inorganic molecule hydrogen sulfide to react with oxygen, producing water and sulfur or sulfate.

27
Q

Energy flow

A

Once an organism has used its energy, it becomes unusable for all other orrganisms. The movement of energy is energy flow.

28
Q

The organisms of an ecosystem are divided into 3 categories on the basis of how they obtain nourishment:Producers

A

Also called autotophs manufactue inorganis molecules from simple inorganic substances. Most perform photosynthesis. Theys are a food source. ex. plants are producers on land, algae and certain bacteria are producers.

29
Q

Consumers

A

Are animals, that use the bodies of other organisms as a source of food energy and bodybuilding materials. They are also called Heterotrophs.

30
Q

Primary Consumers

A

Consumers that eat producers(herbivores) Plant eaters. Rabbit and deer are ex.

31
Q

Secondary Consumers

A

Eat primary consumers

32
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

eat secondary

33
Q

Carnivores

A

Both secondary and tertiary consumers are flesh-eating carnivores that eat other animals.Ex. lions,lizards, and spiders

34
Q

Omnivores

A

Eat a variety of organisms , both plant and animal. ex. bears ,pigs , and humans

35
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Belongs in first set of flashcards. 19th century scientist, dev. the concept of ecology and names it eco from the greek word house and logy form the greek word for study.

36
Q

The Hippo-Tilapla Connection

A

In Africa where you find hippotaamuses you find alot of fish. In africa’s lake Edward, located on the border of Uganda and the Congo, an ongoing civil war has disrupted the food web that links Hippotamuses and Tilpada fish.

37
Q

Detritivores

A

Eat organic matte, leaves, poop, and animal bodies.

38
Q

Decomposers

A

break down clean organic material and they create co2.

39
Q

Food chain/Web

A

Energy from food passes from one organism to the next in a sequnse this is how the energy flow occurs in a food chain

40
Q

Trophic Level

A

An organisim’s position in a food chain, which is determined by it’s feeding, relationships.

41
Q

Food web

A

A representation of the interlocking food chain that connect the organisms in a food chains that connect all organisms in an ecosystem.

42
Q

Krill

A

micoscopic algae presents in vast numbers in the well-lit,nutrient-water. Krills eat tinythese marine algae.They are tiny shrimp like herbivores. Then larger animals like whales (blue) eat them.

43
Q

Causes for collapse fo Antartic Food Web

A

Before the advent of of Whaling, ballen whales consumed huge quantities of Krill. Before 1986 global ban on hunting large whales, whaling began to reduce the number of large ballen whales in Antartic waters.As a results of fewer whales eating krill, more krill became available for other krill-eating animals, whose population increased. Global warning also had it effect-GW may continue to decrese the number of pack ice, which will reverbate through the food web. Also, scientsit worry that the human harvest of krill may endanger the many marine animals that depend on krill for food.

44
Q

Ecological pyramids

A

Graphically represents the relative energy values of each tropic level .

45
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem, with greatest numbers illustrated by a larger area for that section of the pyramid.

46
Q

Pyramid of Biomass

A

illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level. Biomass is the quantative estimate of the total mass or amount. Biomass is represented as a total volume, as dry weight, or as live weight.

47
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

Illustrates the enertgy level content, expressed in kilocalories per square meter per year, of the biomass of each tropical level. These pyramids usually have large energy bases and get progressively smaller through succeeding trophic levels.

48
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Used for hypothetical area of temperate grasslands. Not as useful as other ecological pyramids. it provides information about biomass differences or energy realtionships bt. one trophic level and the next.

49
Q

Goss Primary Productivity (GPA)

A

Is the rate at which energy is captured during photosnthesis.Plant s occupy the first trophical level. Per unit area/per unit time.

50
Q

Net Primary productivity(NPP)

A

Is the amount of biomass found in excess of that broken down by a plants’s cellular respiration.(Plant growth per unit area per unit time).

51
Q

Gross secondary productivity(GPS)

A

Any energy that reamins is used for growth and for production of young. ex. extented drought.

52
Q

Net secondary productivity (NPS)

A

?

53
Q

Vitousek’s Research

A

1986 resaerch with colleagues form Standfored University.Studied how much of the global NPP is appropriated fro the human ecoy and therefore not transferred to other organism.When both direct and indirect human impacts are accounted for he found that 32% of the annula NPP of land -based ecosystems.This is a huge amount considering that we as humans represent about 0.5% of the total biomass of all consumers on Earth. Humans use of global productivity is competing with other species’s needs for energy. AT these levels of consumption of Earths’s resources, human population growth becomes a serious threat to the planet’s ability to support both its nonhuman and human occupants.

54
Q

Stuart Rojstaczer

A

DUke colleagues and Rojstaczer reaxamined Vitousek’s reasearch. Used sattellite-based and more contemporary data sets.Rojstaczer’s mean value for his conservative estimate of annual land -based NPP appropriation by humans was 32%,same as Vitousek’s findings but used different claculations. Both findings are estimates , not actual values.

55
Q

Take - home message

A

If we want our planet to operate sustainably, we must share terrestrial photosynthesis products, that is NPP with other organisms.

56
Q

Forms of Energy. chemical

A

energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Ex. food contains chemical energy.

57
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Energy, such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays. Transmitted as electomagnetic waves.

58
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Heat thta flows form an object with a higher temperature(the heat source) to an objec twith a lower temperature (the heat sink).

59
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Energy in the movement of matter.

60
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

Atomic nuclei conversion.

61
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Energy that flows as charged particles.

62
Q

Sound ?

A

Sound is cused by vibrations in the air that reach the ears and stimulate a sensation of hearing.

Science chapter 3 flash cards (1 decks)

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