Science chapter 3-4 Flashcards
interphase
- period during which the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development
- cell spends most its life in interphase
- rapid growth and replication
- copy of DNA
- followed by mitotic stage
Interphase
. During the cell cycle of a cells growth and development
•cell spends most of its life in interphase
•rapid growth in replication, copy of DNA, preparation for cell division
•followed by mitotic phase
Centromere
Sister chromatids are held together by this
Metaphase
- Spindle fibers begin to push and pull the duplicated chromosomes in the middle of the cell
- shortest phase of mitosis
Telophase
Spindle fibers begin to disappear •chromosomes begin to uncoil •nuclear membrane forms around each chromosome •final stage of mitosis •reverse of prophase
Cell plate
Cell wall that forms in the middle of a plant cell
•grows outward toward the cell wall until two new cells form
Cell differentiation
The process by which cells become different types of cells
•can become nerve cell, red blood cell, bone cell, or muscle cell
Meristems
In a different area of a plan including tips of roots and stems
Tissues
Groups of similar types of cells that work together to carry out specific tasks
• four types and animal: muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial
•three types in plant: dermal, vascular, ground
Organs
Groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular job
•example: stomach
Organ systems
Groups of different organs that work together to complete a series of tasks
•can be made of many organs
•plants: two major organ systems •shoot systems and root systems •shoot: includes leaves, stems, and flowers
• root: anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients
Organisms
Multicellular: usually have many organ systems
4 types of tissue in most animals
- Muscle: causes movement
- connective: provided structure and support and often connects other types of tissue together
- nervous: carries messages to and from the brain
- epithelial: forms protective outer layer of the skin and the lining a major organisms and internal body cavities
3 types of tissues in plants
Dermal: provides protection and helps reduce water loss
•vascular: transport water and nutrients from one part to another
•ground: provide storage and support and is where photosynthesis takes place
Diploid cell
Cells that have pairs of chromosomes
•have pairs of chromosomes
•23 pairs
•46 chromosomes total
Haploid cell
Cells that have only one chromosome from each pair
Budding
New organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent •genetically identical offspring
Regeneration
Occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent
•varies greatly among animals •damaged or lost body parts
Number of cells generated from mitosis and meiosis
- Mitosis: diploid cells 2
* meiosis: haploid cells 4
Purpose of meiosis
To produce haploid cells
Number of times the cell divides in mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: 1
Meiosis: 2
Fission
Cell division in prokaryotes that form two genetically identical cells
•begins when prokaryotes DNA is copied
Animal regeneration
Occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent
Stem cells
An unspecialized cell that is able to develop into many different cell types
Reproduction can be …
Sexual and asexual
Sexual:
Offspring result through fertilization which is the joining of the egg and sperm
Asexual
Which includes fission, budding, regeneration, cloning, vegetative regeneration, mitotic cell division
Cell cycle
1st phase: interphase
2nd phase: mitotic
Mitotic 1st: mitosis
Mitotic 2nd: cytokinesis
Leads to cell differentiation. Cells work together to form daughter cells. Other levels of organization include organisms, organ, and organ system
