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physical science test 10 > science chapter 13 > Flashcards

science chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the organized study of the composition and interactions of matter

A

chemistry

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2
Q

proposed by john dalton, foundation for understanding of matter

A

atomic theory of matter

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3
Q

tiny particles (greek word meaning “not cuttable”)

A

atoms

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4
Q

composed of a single type of atom

A

elements

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5
Q

composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together

A

compounds

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6
Q

pioneer of the atomic theory

A

john dalton

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7
Q

a unique abbreviation given to each element

A

chemical symbol

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8
Q

atoms are composed of still smaller particles of matter called…

A

subatomic particles

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9
Q

a dense central core in an atom

A

nucleus

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10
Q

the two types of nucleons

A

protons and neutrons

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11
Q

carry a + electric charge

A

protons

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12
Q

electrically neutral, no electric charge

A

neutron

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13
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic number

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14
Q

atoms that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons

A

isotopes

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15
Q

protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles called…

A

quarks

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16
Q

carries a - electric charge

A

electron

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17
Q

each layer that surrounds the nucleus (energy levels)

A

electron shell

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18
Q

an atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons

A

ion

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19
Q

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

mass number

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20
Q

the masses of atoms are usually measured in…

A

atomic mass units (u)

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21
Q

the average mass of all the natural isotopes of an element

A

average atomic mass

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22
Q

states that tiny particles like electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow

A

quantum theory

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23
Q

Niels Bohr, the most familiar model of the atom

A

bohr model

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24
Q

Schrodinger’s hypothesis, or the quantum-mechanical model, explained some puzzling features of atomic structure

A

wave-mechanical model

25
Q

werner heisenberg stated that it is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty

A

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

26
Q

a modified version of the wave-mechanical model

A

electron-cloud model

27
Q

can hold up to two electrons, the region where electrons move unpredictably

A

orbitals

28
Q

the overall motion of each electron can be mathematically represented by four…

A

quantum numbers

29
Q

says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers

A

pauli exclusion principle

30
Q

when an atomic nucleus breaks up or undergoes a change, it gives off energy as…

A

nuclear radiation

31
Q

any substance that is unstable (and thus likely to produce radiation)

A

radioactive

32
Q

when an atomic nucleus changes from a higher-energy state to a lower-energy state, emitting energy as radiation

A

radioactive decay

33
Q

the length of time required for one-half of the original substance to decay into a new substance

A

half-life

34
Q

occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons to reach a more stable state

A

alpha decay

35
Q

the division of a nucleus

A

nuclear fission

36
Q

domino effect of neutrons splitting other atoms

A

chain reaction

37
Q

the certain amount of fissionable material present

A

critical mass

38
Q

a device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction

A

atomic bomb

39
Q

harnesses a type of controlled chain reaction

A

nuclear reactor

40
Q

the process of combining two nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and thereby releasing energy

A

nuclear fusion

41
Q

produce more nuclear fuel than they use

A

breeder reactors

42
Q

uses nuclear fusion to release a tremendous amount of energy

A

hydrogen bomb

43
Q

the electrons in the valence shell

A

valence electrons

44
Q

most atoms tend to react to obtain eight electrons in their valence shell

A

octet rule

45
Q

states that the elements show regular and repeating, or periodic, properties when they are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers

A

periodic law

46
Q

developed by dmitri mendeleev

A

periodic table of the elements

47
Q

each row in the table

A

period

48
Q

each column

A

group

49
Q

elements n groups 1, 2, and 13-18

A

main-group elements

50
Q

hard, dense, shiny solids that are good conductors of heat and electricity and have high melting points

A

metals

51
Q

poor conductors of heat and electricity

A

nonmetals

52
Q

are all solids that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals

A

semimetals

53
Q

very soft, shiny metals with low melting points; has only one valence electron

A

alkali metals

54
Q

has two valence electrons; harder, denser and less reactive than the alkali metals but are still softer and less dense than most metals

A

alkaline earth metals

55
Q

groups 3 to 12; either 1 or 2 electrons in their valence shells; are known for their strength and hardness

A

transition metals

56
Q

groups 3 to 4; the first 15 are called the lanthanoids, the other 15 are the actinoids; all have 2 electrons in there valence shells and share similiar properties

A

inner transition metals

57
Q

a basic constituent of all living things and the second most abundant element in the human body

A

carbon

58
Q

group 17; “salt formers”; they easily combine with alkali and alkaline earth metals to form salts

A

halogens

59
Q

found in nature in their pure states; no natural compounds of these gases exist

A

noble gases

physical science test 10 (2 decks)

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